Slovakia https://wri-irg.org/en en Is war necessary to obtain justice? https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2010/war-necessary-obtain-justice <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--11003.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="11003" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 15 Sep 2010</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p>The <a href="http://www.gmfus.org">German Marshall Fund of the United States</a> annually does a survey on important "transatlantic trends", which can make an interesting read. One of the questions asked is: "<em>Please tell me to what extent do you agree with the following: Under some conditions, was is necessary to obtain justice.</em>" (Q29.2). The answers are quite revealing (see graphic below).</p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'filter_caption' --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/filter/templates/filter-caption.html.twig' --><figure role="group"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/entity_embed/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --><div alt="Source: Transatlantic Trends: Topline data 2009, http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf " data-embed-button="image_embed" data-entity-embed-display="image:responsive_image" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;responsive_image_style&quot;:&quot;body_inline_half&quot;,&quot;image_link&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c1272663-b324-4d39-a4b8-80b918b48f55" title="Is war necessary to obtain justice?" data-langcode="en" class="embedded-entity"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'responsive_image_formatter' --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image-formatter.html.twig' --><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'responsive_image' --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image.html.twig' --><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --><p><img srcset="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/large/public/images/WarNecessary4Justice.home.png?itok=Liboed64 1x" src="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/large/public/images/WarNecessary4Justice.home.png?itok=Liboed64" alt="Source: Transatlantic Trends: Topline data 2009, http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf " title="Is war necessary to obtain justice?" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /></p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image.html.twig' --><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image-formatter.html.twig' --></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/entity_embed/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --><figcaption>Source: Transatlantic Trends: Topline data 2009, <a href="http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf">http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf</a></figcaption></figure><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/filter/templates/filter-caption.html.twig' --><p> Is it a surprise that in the USA and Britain more than 50% agree with this statement (USA in 2009: 37% "strongly agree" and 34% "agree somewhat"; Britain in 2009: 20% "strongly agree" and 35% "agree somewhat")? It is interesting that in these two countries, who are most responsible for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, a high proportion of the population agrees that war is sometimes necessary - higher than in Turkey, a country which a very visible tradition of militarism. Most of the European countries trail far behind - 18% in France, 19% in Germany, 16% in Italy, 29% in the Netherlands, 19% in Poland, etc.</p> <p>The good news however is that in most countries the figures have consistently gone down - including in the USA and Britain, but even more so in France, Germany, Italy, or Poland.</p> <p>Source: Transatlantic Trends: Topline data 2009, <a href="http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf">http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-programmes-projects--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Programmes &amp; Projects</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/1" hreflang="en">Right to Refuse to Kill</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/216" hreflang="en">United States of America</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/92" hreflang="en">United Kingdom</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/201" hreflang="en">Spain (State of)</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/255" hreflang="en">Slovakia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/130" hreflang="en">Romania</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/116" hreflang="en">Portugal</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/214" hreflang="en">Poland</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/192" hreflang="en">Netherlands</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/112" hreflang="en">Italy</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/101" hreflang="en">Germany</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/123" hreflang="en">France</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/222" hreflang="en">Bulgaria</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">International Law</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Civil disobedience/NVDA</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=11003&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="sUGsTOhpZrNY2vIip9P5hGtzp-MVHtFbQLHL_yrMLyA"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Sep 2010 16:37:01 +0000 warresisters 11003 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2010/war-necessary-obtain-justice#comments Conscientious objection: Legal practices and frameworks among EU member states https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2009/conscientious-objection-legal-practices-and-frameworks-among-eu-member-states <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--6484.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="6484" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 15 Jan 2009</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><!--break--><h3>Presentation for the Subcommittee on Security and Defence of the European<br /> Parliament</h3> <p>by Andreas Speck, Right to Refuse to Kill Programme, War Resisters' International<br /><br /><br /><br /></p> <p></p><h2>1. Introduction</h2> <p></p><p>In this presentation I<br /> will give an overview of the right to conscientious objection, its<br /> legal practices and frameworks in the 27 European Union member<br /> states. Before I do so, I want to step back a bit and have a brief<br /> look at the existing international standards about the right to<br /> conscientious objection, as these standards allow us to put the<br /> practices in the EU member states into a perspective.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>► Conscientious objection as a right</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">It is now accepted that<br /> the right to conscientious objection is protected under the right to<br /> freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 18 <i>International<br /> Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</i>, Article 9 of the <i>European<br /> Convention of Human Rights</i>), and seen as a legitimate exercise of<br /> this right<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote1anc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" id="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>.<br /> The former United Nations Commission on Human Rights has reiterated<br /> this right in several resolutions since 1987<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote2anc" href="#sdfootnote2sym" id="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a>.<br /> If there have been any doubts in the past, then the decision of the<br /> United Nations <i>Human Rights Committee</i> from January 2007 on two<br /> individual complaints from South Korea certainly clarified the<br /> issue<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote3anc" href="#sdfootnote3sym" id="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a>.<br /> Subsequently, the United Nations <i>Working Group on Arbitrary<br /> Detention</i> classified any imprisonment of a conscientious objector<br /> as a form of arbitrary detention<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote4anc" href="#sdfootnote4sym" id="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a>,<br /> while previously it only saw the second and any subsequent<br /> imprisonment as arbitrary detention.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">It is important to note<br /> that article 18(1) of the Covenant, which covers both the right to<br /> freedom of thought, conscience and religion and to manifest it, is<br /> non-derogable even during times of national emergency threatening the<br /> life of the nation.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">While there has been<br /> some jurisprudence at the level of the United Nations <i>Human Rights<br /> Committee</i>, the <i>European Court of Human Rights</i> has so far<br /> shied away from ruling on the question whether article 9 of the<br /> European Convention of Human Rights includes the right to<br /> conscientious objection<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote5anc" href="#sdfootnote5sym" id="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a>.<br /> It is hard to imagine that following the Human Rights Committee<br /> decision from 23 January 2007, the ECHR would not rule in a similar<br /> manner to the Human Rights Committee in a future case.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Although the right to<br /> conscientious objection is derived from the right to freedom of<br /> thought, conscience and religion, it is clear that it is not limited<br /> to religious convictions. According to the Human Rights Committee's<br /> General Comment No 22, “<i>article 18 protects theistic,<br /> non-theistic and atheistic beliefs</i>”. In fact, the Human Rights<br /> Committee repeatedly recommended to States in its Concluding<br /> Observations “<i>extend the right of conscientious objection<br /> against mandatory military service to persons who hold non-religious<br /> beliefs grounded in conscience</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote6anc" href="#sdfootnote6sym" id="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The question of<br /> “selective” conscientious objection, not to war in general but to<br /> a particular war, has not been dealt with very much. However, the<br /> United Nations General Assembly, in its resolution 33/165 from 20<br /> December 1978, recognised “<i>the right of all persons to refuse<br /> service in military or police forces which are used to enforce<br /> apartheid</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote7anc" href="#sdfootnote7sym" id="sdfootnote7anc"><sup>7</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">It is also important to<br /> note that it is not allowed to exclude groups of people from the<br /> right to conscientious objection, for example for having a gun<br /> license or other reasons.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>► Right to conscientious objection at any time – before, during and after<br /> service</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Another important<br /> aspect is when an application for conscientious objection can be<br /> made. The general freedom to change one's religion or belief is<br /> recognised in Article 18(1) of the Covenant. Thus, the Human Rights<br /> Committee recognised in its Concluding Observations on Chile, that<br /> “<i>conscientious objection can </i><i>occur at any time, even when<br /> a person’s military service has already begun</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote8anc" href="#sdfootnote8sym" id="sdfootnote8anc"><sup>8</sup></a>.<br /> The Commission on Human Rights in its resolution 1998/77 highlighted<br /> “<i>that persons performing military service may develop<br /> conscientious objections</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote9anc" href="#sdfootnote9sym" id="sdfootnote9anc"><sup>9</sup></a>.<br /> The European Parliament, in its resolution from 13 October 1989,<br /> called “<i>for the right to be granted to all conscripts at any<br /> time to refuse military service, whether armed or unarmed, on grounds<br /> of conscience</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote10anc" href="#sdfootnote10sym" id="sdfootnote10anc"><sup>10</sup></a>.<br /> In its 1994 resolution, the European Parliament explicitly called “<i>on<br /> the Member States of the European Union which do not have (or no<br /> longer have) conscription and military and civilian service<br /> nevertheless to guarantee the fundamental right of conscientious<br /> objection</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote11anc" href="#sdfootnote11sym" id="sdfootnote11anc"><sup>11</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><i>Council of Europe<br /> Parliamentary Assembly</i> Recommendation 1518 (2001) explicitly<br /> recognised “<i>the right to be registered as a conscientious<br /> objector at any time: before, during or after conscription, or<br /> performance of military service</i>” and “<i>the right for<br /> permanent members of the armed forces to apply for the granting of<br /> conscientious objector status</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote12anc" href="#sdfootnote12sym" id="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>12</sup></a>.<br /> The Parliamentary Assembly also demanded from member states on 24<br /> March 2006 in a decision on human rights in the Armed Forces to<br /> “<i>introduce into their legislation the right to be registered as<br /> a conscientious objector at any time, namely before, during or after<br /> implementation of military service, as well as the right of career<br /> servicemen to obtain the status of conscientious objector</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote13anc" href="#sdfootnote13sym" id="sdfootnote13anc"><sup>13</sup></a>.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>► Impartial decision making procedure</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The United Nations<br /> Commission on Human Rights has welcomed “<i>the fact that some<br /> States accept claims of conscientious objection as valid without<br /> inquiry</i>”, and called for “<i>independent and impartial<br /> decision-making bodies</i>” where this is not the case<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote14anc" href="#sdfootnote14sym" id="sdfootnote14anc"><sup>14</sup></a>.<br /> More concretely, it has expressed its concern that “<i>the<br /> assessment of applications for such service is solely under the<br /> control of the Ministry of Defence</i>”. It therefore recommended<br /> “<i>placing the assessment of applications for conscientious<br /> objector status under the control of civilian authorities</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote15anc" href="#sdfootnote15sym" id="sdfootnote15anc"><sup>15</sup></a>.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>► Non-punitive substitute service</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">It first has to be<br /> noted that there does not have to be a substitute service. However,<br /> if a state decides to require a substitute service from conscientious<br /> objectors, then this substitute service has to be compatible with the<br /> reasons for the conscientious objection, of civilian character, in<br /> the public interest and not of a punitive nature. The term “punitive”<br /> covers not only the duration of substitute service, but also the type<br /> of service and the conditions under which it is served.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In terms of length of<br /> substitute service, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has<br /> made clear in <i>Foin v. France</i> that any difference in length<br /> must be “<i>based on reasonable and objective criteria, such as the<br /> nature of the specific service concerned, or the need for a special<br /> training in order to accomplish that service</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote16anc" href="#sdfootnote16sym" id="sdfootnote16anc"><sup>16</sup></a>.<br /> This means that any general difference in length, as is the practice<br /> in many countries, is not permitted.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>► Provision of information</h3> <p></p><p>It<br /> is obvious that the provision of information about a right is crucial<br /> for people to make use of that right. Therefore, the United Nations<br /> Commission on Human Rights affirmed in its resolution 1998/77 “<i>the<br /> importance of the availability of information about the right to<br /> conscientious objection to military service, and the means of<br /> acquiring conscientious objector status, to all persons affected by<br /> military service</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote17anc" href="#sdfootnote17sym" id="sdfootnote17anc"><sup>17</sup></a>.</p><br /><p>Council<br /> of Europe Recommendation No. R (87) 8 says that “<i>persons liable<br /> to conscription shall be informed in advance of their rights. For<br /> this purpose, the state shall provide them with all relevant<br /> information directly or allow private organizations concerned to<br /> furnish that information</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote18anc" href="#sdfootnote18sym" id="sdfootnote18anc"><sup>18</sup></a>.</p><br /><br /><br /><h2>2. Practice in European Union member states</h2> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">From the 27 European<br /> Union member states, 10 presently maintain conscription, although of<br /> these two – Poland and Sweden – are presently in the process of<br /> suspending conscription. However, most countries that did have<br /> conscription in the recent past did not just abolish it, but mainly<br /> suspended to enforce conscription. In most cases these countries<br /> maintain laws and regulations which allow to enforce conscription<br /> under certain circumstances, i.e. in situations of war or an<br /> emergency.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Presently, all<br /> countries of the European Union that maintain conscription do provide<br /> for the right to conscientious objection in some form. However, this<br /> does not mean that this would comply with the international standards<br /> set out in the introduction.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><i>Table 1: Overview:<br /> conscription and the right to conscientious objection in the European<br /> Union</i></p> <p></p><table frame="VOID" cellspacing="0" cols="5" rules="NONE" border="0"><br /><colgroup><col width="170" /><col width="125" /><col width="114" /><col width="128" /><col width="153" /></colgroup><br /><tbody><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" rowspan="2" width="170" height="55" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Country</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" rowspan="2" width="125" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Conscription</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" colspan="2" width="242" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>CO for conscripts</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" rowspan="2" width="153" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>CO for professional soldiers</b></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><b>before military service</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><b>during and after military service</b></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Austria</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Belgium</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Bulgaria</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Cyprus</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Czech Republic</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Denmark</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Estonia</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Finland</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">France</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><br /></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Germany</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Greece</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Hungary</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Ireland</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Italy</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><br /></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Latvia</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><br /></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Lithuania</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Luxembourg</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Malta</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Netherlands</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Poland</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Portugal</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Romania</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Slovakia</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Slovenia</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Spain</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><br /></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Sweden</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">United Kingdom</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /></tr><br /></tbody><br /></table><br /><p align="right">War Resisters' International 2008</p> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">A more detailed look is<br /> provided in Table 2. However, in some cases, the details as<br /> prescribed by law are not known.<br /></p> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In several EU Member<br /> States not everyone has a right to conscientious objection. In some<br /> countries, such as Greece, certain groups cannot apply for<br /> conscientious objector status. In Greece, anyone having a gun license<br /> or with a criminal record cannot apply for conscientious objection.<br /> In Estonia, the situation is a bit unclear, but the wording of the<br /> law makes it likely that conscientious objection is only recognised<br /> for religious reasons. The same applies for Lithuania.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In Poland, the right to<br /> conscientious objection is only available in times of peace.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In many countries, the<br /> right to conscientious objection is not available at any time. As<br /> Table 1 shows, this right is often not available during or after<br /> military service. Often, there are strict time limits for the<br /> submission of an application for conscientious objection, which again<br /> limits this right.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always"><br /><i>Table 2: Practice right to conscientious objection in countries<br /> which enforce conscription</i></p><br /><table frame="VOID" cellspacing="0" cols="6" rules="NONE" border="0"><br /><colgroup><col width="145" /><col width="125" /><col width="106" /><col width="100" /><col width="110" /><col width="170" /></colgroup><br /><tbody><br /><tr><br /><td width="145" height="32" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b><br /></b></td><br /><td width="125" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Right to CO</b></td><br /><td width="106" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>At any time?</b></td><br /><td width="100" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Impartial decision making</b></td><br /><td width="110" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Substitute service</b></td><br /><td width="170" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Other</b></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="32" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Austria</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Problem of low payments for CO in substitute service</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Cyprus</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE">?</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Denmark</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="47" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Estonia</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE">?</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Not clear whether substitute service is genuinely civilian</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="32" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Finland</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Imprisonment of total objectors</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="47" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Germany</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Repeated disciplinary punishment of total objectors</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="47" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Greece</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Especially problems with old cases (Lazaros Petromelidis)</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Lithuania</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE">?</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Poland *)</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔ ()</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="32" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Sweden **)</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE">-</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Presently no substitute service</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="6" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">*) Conscription will be suspended in 2009</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="6" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">**) Conscription under review, likely to be suspended</td><br /></tr><br /></tbody><br /></table><br /><p class="western" align="RIGHT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">War<br /> Resisters' International, 2009</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The decision making<br /> procedure is another issue of concern. In many countries, an<br /> application will be decided by the Ministry of Defence or some<br /> administration under the Ministry of Defence. While in Finland for<br /> example all applications are more or less automatically granted<br /> without examination, and therefore it does not create a problem, in<br /> countries where there is some examination of the reasons given for<br /> conscientious objection, this is much more problematic. In Greece,<br /> non-religious conscientious objectors for example have difficulties<br /> getting recognised by the Ministry of Defence. In Poland, the rate of<br /> accepted CO applications is low, compared to other countries. Only<br /> about 60% of CO applications are granted<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote19anc" href="#sdfootnote19sym" id="sdfootnote19anc"><sup>19</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Problematic is<br /> especially the issue of substitute service for conscientious<br /> objectors. In most countries – with the exception of Denmark and<br /> Germany – substitute service is longer than military service,<br /> sometimes considerably longer. The European Committee on Social<br /> Rights complained about the length of substitute service in the cases<br /> of Cyprus<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote20anc" href="#sdfootnote20sym" id="sdfootnote20anc"><sup>20</sup></a>,<br /> Estonia<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote21anc" href="#sdfootnote21sym" id="sdfootnote21anc"><sup>21</sup></a>,<br /> Greece<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote22anc" href="#sdfootnote22sym" id="sdfootnote22anc"><sup>22</sup></a>,<br /> and Finland<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote23anc" href="#sdfootnote23sym" id="sdfootnote23anc"><sup>23</sup></a>.<br /> Also the United Nations Human Rights Committee has repeatedly<br /> complained about the length of substitute service<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote24anc" href="#sdfootnote24sym" id="sdfootnote24anc"><sup>24</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">While the Euopean<br /> Committee for Social Rights considers a substitute service of 1.5<br /> times the length of military service as in compliance with the<br /> European Social Charta, the United Nations Human Rights Committee<br /> also considers a substitute service of 1.5 times the length of<br /> military service as punitive in length<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote25anc" href="#sdfootnote25sym" id="sdfootnote25anc"><sup>25</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In some European Union<br /> Member states conscientious objectors face prosecution and<br /> imprisonment. In the case of Greece, this is especially case for some<br /> cases of conscientious objectors going back to the time before Greece<br /> introduced the right to conscientious objection (i.e. the case of<br /> Lazaros Petromelidis<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote26anc" href="#sdfootnote26sym" id="sdfootnote26anc"><sup>26</sup></a>),<br /> or for conscientious objectors who are not recognised.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In Finland, total<br /> objectors, who refuse substitute service for a variety of reasons,<br /> among them often the punitive length of substitute service, are<br /> routinely imprisoned for half the time they would have had to serve.<br /> According to the Union of COs Finland, there are about 60-80 cases<br /> every year.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In Germany, total<br /> objectors face repeated disciplinary punishment by the military<br /> authorities, often 3-4 terms of imprisonment up to a total of 63<br /> days. According to a decree of the Ministry of Defence from 21 April<br /> 2008<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote27anc" href="#sdfootnote27sym" id="sdfootnote27anc"><sup>27</sup></a>,<br /> total objectors should not be released from the military before they<br /> have not served at least two arrests of 21 days each. This decree is<br /> a clear violation of Article 14, paragraph 7 of the International<br /> Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which prohibits the repeated<br /> punishment for the same offence<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote28anc" href="#sdfootnote28sym" id="sdfootnote28anc"><sup>28</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><br /><br /><h2 class="western">3. Conscientious objection for professional<br /> soldiers</h2> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">As stated in the<br /> overview, only three European Union Member states – Germany, the<br /> Netherlands, and the United Kingdom – recognise the right to<br /> conscientious objection for professional soldiers.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><br /><br /><h3>Countries without the right to conscientious<br /> objection for professional soldiers</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In countries where<br /> professional soldiers do not have the right to conscientious<br /> objection, it is likely that those wishing to leave the Armed Forces<br /> for reasons of conscience might seek other ways to get a discharge.<br /> However, these other ways rarely constitute a right to be discharged,<br /> especially in situations of war or an emergency.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The Greek case of<br /><i>Giorgios Monastiriotis</i><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote29anc" href="#sdfootnote29sym" id="sdfootnote29anc"><sup>29</sup></a>,<br /> who initially signed up to the Greek navy on a five year contract,<br /> highlights the problems. In May 2003 <i>Giorgos Monstaritiotis</i><br /> refused to embark with the crew of the battleship "Navarino"<br /> on a mission to the Persian Gulf. He declared his immediate<br /> resignation from the Navy instead. The Navarino was sailing to the<br /> Persian Gulf as part of operation "Enduring Freedom".<br /><i>Giorgos Monastiriotis</i> gave the following statement prior to<br /> his refusal in May 2003: "<i>Acting on the basis of my<br /> conscience, I refuse to take part or contribute by any means in the<br /> relentless slaughter of the Iraqi people. I refuse to take part in a<br /> war that is not ended, as even now after its official end people and<br /> among them many children are being killed. Even if this war is<br /> officially finished, many more are to come, as war is necessary for<br /> the expansion of the dominance of the ruling powers. I declare my<br /> immediate resignation from the Hellenic Navy, which is a mechanism<br /> that promotes inhuman practices through orders and hierarchy and acts<br /> as a means of extortion and repression of the movement and the<br /> uprisings of the people. My refusal is also the minimal act of<br /> solidarity due to the Iraqi people and to the peaceful sentiments of<br /> the Greek people.</i>"</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">As Greece does not<br /> recognise the right to conscientious objection for professional<br /> soldiers, <i>Giorgios Monastiriotis</i> had no other options than to<br /> simply declare his conscientious objection. What followed were<br /> several trials and prison sentences, and also new call-ups to<br /> military service<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote30anc" href="#sdfootnote30sym" id="sdfootnote30anc"><sup>30</sup></a>.<br /> Giorgios Monastiriotis has been sentenced to 24 months' imprisonment,<br /> suspended for three years, on 31 October 2006, and even today has<br /> still an open case for desertion, following a third call-up to<br /> military service<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote31anc" href="#sdfootnote31sym" id="sdfootnote31anc"><sup>31</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The situation is<br /> slightly different in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United<br /> Kingdom, the three countries that recognise the right to<br /> conscientious objection for professional soldiers. However, in these<br /> countries too the situation is not without problems.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>Netherlands</h3><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In the Netherlands, the<br /> legal basis for the right to conscientious objection for professional<br /> soldiers is only a decree of the Ministry of Defence from 1 January<br /> 1994<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote32anc" href="#sdfootnote32sym" id="sdfootnote32anc"><sup>32</sup></a>,<br /> which extends the law on conscientious objection, which only applies<br /> to conscripts, also to professional soldiers. It is important to note<br /> that according to the Ministry of Defence in 2004, professional<br /> soldiers who have a conscientious objection to particular campaigns<br /> of the armed forces, for example deployment in Iraq, do not have the<br /> right to claim conscientious objection to participation in these<br /> particular campaigns<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote33anc" href="#sdfootnote33sym" id="sdfootnote33anc"><sup>33</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In practice, there have<br /> been several trials against soldiers refusing to deploy to<br /> Afghanistan. In 2007 the appeal court in Arnhem acquitted a soldier<br /> who refused to deploy to Afghanistan, after he had initially been<br /> sentenced to two months imprisonment. There was also a second case of<br /> refusal, which lead to a prosecution. However, a second person has<br /> also been finally acquitted in December 2007<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote34anc" href="#sdfootnote34sym" id="sdfootnote34anc"><sup>34</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Presently, War<br /> Resisters' International is not aware of any statistics on the number<br /> of applications for a discharge as conscientious objector in the<br /> Netherlands.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>Germany</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In Germany, the right<br /> to conscientious objection applies equally to conscripts and<br /> professional soldiers.<br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><i>Table 3:<br /> Conscientious objection – applications from soldiers since 2001</i></p><br /><table width="100%" border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"><br /><col width="52*" /><br /><col width="34*" /><br /><col width="33*" /><br /><col width="34*" /><br /><col width="34*" /><br /><col width="34*" /><br /><col width="37*" /><br /><tr valign="TOP"><br /><td width="20%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western"><br /><br /></p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2001</b></p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2002</b></p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2003</b></p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2004</b></p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2005</b></p><br /></td><br /><td width="14%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2006</b></p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td width="20%" valign="TOP"><br /><p class="western">Conscripts</p><br /><p class="western">/voluntary military service</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2386</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2242</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1669</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1861</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1568</p><br /></td><br /><td width="14%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2203</p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td width="20%" valign="TOP"><br /><p class="western">Contract soldiers</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">62</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">79</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">71</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">73</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">70</p><br /></td><br /><td width="14%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">65</p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td width="20%" valign="TOP"><br /><p class="western">Professional soldiers</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">0</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">0</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1</p><br /></td><br /><td width="14%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1</p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td width="20%" valign="TOP"><br /><p class="western">Total</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2448</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2322</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1740</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1936</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1639</p><br /></td><br /><td width="14%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2269</p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p class="western" align="RIGHT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Source:<br /> Antwort des Parlamentarischen Staatssekretärs Thomas Kossendey, 9<br /> May 2007<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote35anc" href="#sdfootnote35sym" id="sdfootnote35anc"><sup>35</sup></a></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Problematic<br /> is especially that the military authorities regard a release from the<br /> armed forces which is based on conscientious objection as a release<br /> on someone's own initiative. This means that a professional soldier<br /> who has been recognised as a conscientious objector needs to pay back<br /> the costs of any courses that (s)he has followed in the military and<br /> that have a civilian use. This can lead to a considerable financial<br /> burden, almost making it impossible to leave the Armed Forces.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The case of<br /> Florian Pfaff highlighted another problem with the right to<br /> conscientious objection. However, as Florian Pfaff did not claim<br /> conscientious objection, but refused an order that he regarded as<br /> illegal, his case falls more under the category of the right to<br /> refuse illegal orders. In its judgement, the Bundesverwaltungsgericht<br /> however acquitted Florian Pfaff based on freedom of conscience. The<br /> Bundesverwaltungsgericht stated in its judgement: “<i>A soldier<br /> does not have to carry out an order, on the ground that it is<br /> unreasonable, if he can invoke protection of the fundamental right to<br /> freedom of conscience (Article 4(1) of the Basic Law). The protection<br /> afforded by Article 4(1) of the Basic Law is not overridden by the<br /> fundamental right to recognition as a conscientious objector (Article<br /> 4(3) of the Basic Law).</i>” And: “<i>If (...) the soldier still<br /> maintains that his conscience will not allow him to carry out the<br /> order, and if this is understandable in the sense described earlier,<br /> then a compromise must be reached which protects both sides (use<br /> elsewhere, transfer, reassignment, etc.).</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote36anc" href="#sdfootnote36sym" id="sdfootnote36anc"><sup>36</sup></a></p><br /><br /><br /><h3>United Kingdom</h3> <p></p><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In the<br /> United Kingdom, each of the three branches of the Armed Forces has<br /> its own regulations governing the right to conscientious objection.<br /> Especially problematic is that the regulations governing the right to<br /> conscientious objection are not in the public domain, and information<br /> is difficult to obtain by members of the public, and also by members<br /> of the Armed Forces. In addition, decision making on an application<br /> for conscientious objection in the first instance is by the<br /> respective branch of the Armed Forces itself, and not by an<br /> independent body. Only the appeal body – the Advisory Committee on<br /> Conscientious Objectors – is an independent body.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The<br /> regulations are:</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><ul><br /><li><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Instruction<br /> 006 – Retirement or Discharge on Grounds of Conscience for the<br /> Army, including the Territorial Army;</p><br /></li><li><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">AP3392<br /> Vol 5. Leaflet 113, Procedure for Dealing with Conscientious<br /> Objectors within the Royal Air Force for the Air Force;</p><br /></li><li><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Personnel,<br /> Legal, Administrative and General Orders 0801, Application for<br /> Discharge on Grounds of Conscientious Objection for the Navy.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"></p><br /></li></ul><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">While the<br /> application procedure is similar for the three branches of the Armed<br /> Forces, there are also important differences.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">It has to be<br /> pointed out that for all three services an application for discharge<br /> on grounds of conscience does not prevent deployment. During the time<br /> the application is being processed, the applicant remains a member of<br /> the Armed Forces with all duties this implies. There is no right to<br /> ask for service without arms during the processing of the CO<br /> application.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The<br /> regulations for the Royal Air Force also do not allow an application<br /> for conscientious objection from a soldier who is absent without<br /> leave or a deserter, or subject of outstanding disciplinary action.<br /> This is problematic as it is not uncommon for conscientious objectors<br /> to go absent without leave for a short period, as especially<br /> experience from the United States of America shows.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">There are<br /> very few cases of conscientious objection in the UK Armed Forces<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote37anc" href="#sdfootnote37sym" id="sdfootnote37anc"><sup>37</sup></a>.<br /> One explanation for this is the lack of information. This lack of<br /> access to and knowledge about the right to conscientious objection<br /> has also been an issue in the case of reservist Leading Aircraftsman<br /> Mohisin Khan, who went absent without leave when recalled for<br /> service. He claimed that he was not aware of the right to<br /> conscientious objection. In its judgement, the High Court says “<i>It<br /> is, however, true that the call-out materials in this case, like the<br /> 1997 Regulations, do not mention conscientious objection expressly.<br /> In that respect, it would seem that the information provided to the<br /> recalled reservist could be improved</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote38anc" href="#sdfootnote38sym" id="sdfootnote38anc"><sup>38</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">According to<br /> military law expert Gilbert Blades, who represents soldiers at courts<br /> martial, the numbers leaving because of Iraq are often obscured as<br /> they were not counted as conscientious objectors<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote39anc" href="#sdfootnote39sym" id="sdfootnote39anc"><sup>39</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Two<br /> high-profile cases of Iraq war resisters underline this point.<br /> Benjamin Griffin, a former SAS soldier, refused to return to Iraq<br /> while on leave in March 2005 after three month of service in Baghdad.<br /> Unexpectedly, he was discharged from the army “<i>with a glowing<br /> testimonial</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote40anc" href="#sdfootnote40sym" id="sdfootnote40anc"><sup>40</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Malcolm<br /> Kendall-Smith, a medical officer in the Royal Air Force, fared less<br /> well. He refused to serve in Iraq in July 2005, and was subsequently<br /> court-martialed, and sentenced to eight month imprisonment, plus a<br /> discharge from the Air Force<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote41anc" href="#sdfootnote41sym" id="sdfootnote41anc"><sup>41</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Both cases<br /> are again on the borderline to the right to refuse illegal orders.<br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><br /><br /><h2>4. Conclusions</h2> <p></p><p class="western">While all European Union Member states that<br /> practice conscription recognise the right to conscientious objection<br /> for conscripts, the implementation of this right is in most cases not<br /> compliant with the international standards as set out by United<br /> Nations bodies, the Council of Europe, and the European Parliament.</p><br /><p class="western">Only very few countries accept an application for<br /> conscientious objection at any time – before, during and after<br /> military service – and in many cases the decision making procedure<br /> is not impartial. Also, in many cases the substitute service is of<br /> punitive length.</p><br /><p class="western">Regarding the right to conscientious objection for<br /> professional soldiers, the situation is even worse. Only three out of<br /> the 27 European Union Member states recognise the right to<br /> conscientious objection for professional soldiers. Also in these<br /> three countries, there are still a range of problems in practice.</p><br /><p class="western"><br /><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><div id="sdfootnote1"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote1sym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" id="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>Human<br /> Rights Committee: General Comment 22 on Article 18, 30 June 1993,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6410">http://wri-irg.org/node/6410</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote2"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote2sym" href="#sdfootnote2anc" id="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>See<br /> for example <i>Commission on Human Rights</i> resolutions 1987/73<br /> from 5 March 1987, 1989/59 from 8 March 1989<br /> (<a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6409">http://wri-irg.org/node/6409</a>),<br /> 1998/77 from 22 April 1998 (<a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6136">http://wri-irg.org/node/6136</a>),<br /> 2000/34 from 20 April 2000 (<a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6418">http://wri-irg.org/node/6418</a>),<br /> 2002/45 from 23 April 2002 (<a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6415">http://wri-irg.org/node/6415</a>),<br /> and 2004/35 from 19 April 2004 (<a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6412">http://wri-irg.org/node/6412</a>)</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote3"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote3sym" href="#sdfootnote3anc" id="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>Mr.<br /> Yeo-Bum Yoon and Mr. Myung-Jin Choi vs Republic of Korea,<br /> Communications Nos. 1321/2004 and 1322/2004 : Republic of Korea.<br /> 23/01/2007. CCPR/C/88/D/1321-1322/2004. (Jurisprudence),<br /><a href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/26a8e9722d0cdadac1257279004c1b4e?Opendocument">http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/26a8e9722d0cdadac1257279004c1b4e?Opendocument</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote4"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote4sym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" id="sdfootnote4sym">4</a>OPINION<br /> No.8/2008 (Colombia), 9 May 2008,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/news/2008/colombia-opinion-es.htm">http://wri-irg.org/news/2008/colombia-opinion-es.htm</a>,<br /> Opinion No. 16/2008 (Turkey), 8 May 2008,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/272">http://wri-irg.org/node/272</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote5"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote5sym" href="#sdfootnote5anc" id="sdfootnote5sym">5</a>In<br /> its judgement in the case <font face="Liberation Sans, sans-serif"><i>Ü</i></font><font face="Liberation Sans"><i>lke<br /> v. Turkey</i></font><font face="Liberation Sans"> (39437/98) from 26<br /> January 2006, the court ruled in favour of </font><font face="Liberation Sans, sans-serif">Ü</font><font face="Liberation Sans">lke<br /> on the grounds of article 3 of the European Convention. However,<br /> regarding a violation of article 9, the court said in its judgement<br /> “</font><font face="Liberation Sans"><i>that it is not necessary<br /> to give a separate ruling on the complaints under Articles 5, 8 and<br /> 9 of the Convention</i></font><font face="Liberation Sans">” (see<br /></font><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/615"><font face="Liberation Sans">http://wri-irg.org/node/615</font></a><font face="Liberation Sans">).<br /></font><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote6"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote6sym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" id="sdfootnote6sym">6</a>Human<br /> Rights Committee, Concluding observations of the Human Rights<br /> Committee: UKRAINE, 28 November 2006,<br /><a href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/458/07/PDF/G0645807.pdf?OpenElement">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/458/07/PDF/G0645807.pdf?OpenElement</a>,<br /> accessed 8 January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote7"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote7sym" href="#sdfootnote7anc" id="sdfootnote7sym">7</a>Status<br /> of persons refusing service in military or police forces used to<br /> enforce apartheid, United Nations General Assembly resolution 33/165<br /> from 20 December 1978, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6428">http://wri-irg.org/node/6428</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote8"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote8sym" href="#sdfootnote8anc" id="sdfootnote8sym">8</a>Human<br /> Rights Committee: Concluding observations of the Human Rights<br /> Committee: CHILE, 18 May 2007, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6429">http://wri-irg.org/node/6429</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote9"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote9sym" href="#sdfootnote9anc" id="sdfootnote9sym">9</a>Commission<br /> on Human Rights: Conscientious objection to military service<br /> (Resolution 1998/77), 22 April 1998, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6136">http://wri-irg.org/node/6136</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote10"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote10sym" href="#sdfootnote10anc" id="sdfootnote10sym">10</a>European<br /> Parliament: Resolution on conscientious objection and alternative<br /> civilian service (Schmidbauer Resolution), 13 October 1989,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6376">http://wri-irg.org/node/6376</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote11"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote11sym" href="#sdfootnote11anc" id="sdfootnote11sym">11</a>European<br /> Parliament: Resolution on conscientious objection in the Member<br /> States of the Community (Bandrés Molet &amp; Bindi Resolution), 19<br /> June 1994, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6375">http://wri-irg.org/node/6375</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote12"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote12sym" href="#sdfootnote12anc" id="sdfootnote12sym">12</a>Parliamentary<br /> Assembly of the Council of Europe: Recommendation 1518 (2001), 23<br /> May 2001, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6379">http://wri-irg.org/node/6379</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote13"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote13sym" href="#sdfootnote13anc" id="sdfootnote13sym">13</a>Parliamentary<br /> Assembly of the Council of Europe: Human rights of members of the<br /> armed forces, Doc. 10861, 24 March 2006,<br /><a href="http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents?/WorkingDocs/Doc06/EDOC10861.htm">http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents?/WorkingDocs/Doc06/EDOC10861.htm</a>,<br /> accessed 9 January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote14"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote14sym" href="#sdfootnote14anc" id="sdfootnote14sym">14</a>United<br /> Nations Commission on Human Rights: Resolution 1998/77 from 22 April<br /> 1998, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6136">http://wri-irg.org/node/6136</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote15"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote15sym" href="#sdfootnote15anc" id="sdfootnote15sym">15</a>Concluding<br /> observations of the Human Rights Committee: GREECE, 25 April 2005,<br /><a href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CCPR.CO.83.GRC.En?OpenDocument">http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CCPR.CO.83.GRC.En?OpenDocument</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote16"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote16sym" href="#sdfootnote16anc" id="sdfootnote16sym">16</a>Frédéric<br /> Foin v. France, CCPR/C/67/D/666/1995, 9 November 1999,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6140">http://wri-irg.org/node/6140</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote17"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote17sym" href="#sdfootnote17anc" id="sdfootnote17sym">17</a>Commission<br /> on Human Rights: Conscientious objection to military service<br /> (Resolution 1998/77), 22 April 1998, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6136">http://wri-irg.org/node/6136</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote18"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote18sym" href="#sdfootnote18anc" id="sdfootnote18sym">18</a>Recommendation<br /> No. R(87)8 of the Committee of Ministers to member states regarding<br /> conscientious objection to compulsory military service, 9 April<br /> 1997, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6378">http://wri-irg.org/node/6378</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote19"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote19sym" href="#sdfootnote19anc" id="sdfootnote19sym">19</a>The<br /> Right to Conscientious Objection in Europe, Quaker Council for<br /> European Affairs, 2005,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/4302/revisions/4372/view">http://wri-irg.org/node/4302/revisions/4372/view</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote20"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote20sym" href="#sdfootnote20anc" id="sdfootnote20sym">20</a>European<br /> Committee of Social Rights: Conclusions 2008 – Volume 1 (Albania,<br /> Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia,<br /> Finland, France, Georgia, Ireland, Italy),<br /><a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote21"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote21sym" href="#sdfootnote21anc" id="sdfootnote21sym">21</a>European<br /> Committee of Social Rights: Conclusions 2008 – Volume 1 (Albania,<br /> Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia,<br /> Finland, France, Georgia, Ireland, Italy),<br /><a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote22"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote22sym" href="#sdfootnote22anc" id="sdfootnote22sym">22</a>European<br /> Committee of Social Rights: Conclusions XVIII-1 (Greece), Articles<br /> 1, 12, 13, 16 and 19 of the Charter, 2006,<br /><a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/State/GreeceXVIII1_en.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/State/GreeceXVIII1_en.pdf</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote23"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote23sym" href="#sdfootnote23anc" id="sdfootnote23sym">23</a>European<br /> Committee of Social Rights: Conclusions 2008 – Volume 1 (Albania,<br /> Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia,<br /> Finland, France, Georgia, Ireland, Italy),<br /><a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote24"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote24sym" href="#sdfootnote24anc" id="sdfootnote24sym">24</a>See<br /> for example: Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee:<br /> LITHUANIA, 4 May 2004, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6473">http://wri-irg.org/node/6473</a>;<br /> Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: FINLAND, 2<br /> December 2004,<br /><a href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/449/95/PDF/G0444995.pdf?OpenElement">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/449/95/PDF/G0444995.pdf?OpenElement</a>;<br /> Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: POLAND, 2</p> <p> December 2004,<br /><a href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/450/09/PDF/G0445009.pdf?OpenElement">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/450/09/PDF/G0445009.pdf?OpenElement</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote25"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote25sym" href="#sdfootnote25anc" id="sdfootnote25sym">25</a>Concluding<br /> observations of the Human Rights Committee: POLAND, 2 December 2004,<br /><a href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/450/09/PDF/G0445009.pdf?OpenElement">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/450/09/PDF/G0445009.pdf?OpenElement</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote26"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote26sym" href="#sdfootnote26anc" id="sdfootnote26sym">26</a>For<br /> an overview of the case, see <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/4053">http://wri-irg.org/node/4053</a>.</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote27"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote27sym" href="#sdfootnote27anc" id="sdfootnote27sym">27</a>Vorzeitige<br /> Entlassung von Grundwehrdienstleistenden (GWDL)/freiwilligen<br /> zusätzlichen Wehrdienst Leistenden (FWDL) gemäß § 29 Abs. 1 Satz<br /> 3 Nr. 5 und Abs. 4 Nr. 2 des Wehrpflichtgesetzes,<br /><a href="http://www.kampagne.de/Recht/Dokumente/TKDV_Erlass.php">http://www.kampagne.de/Recht/Dokumente/TKDV_Erlass.php</a>,<br /> accessed 14 January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote28"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote28sym" href="#sdfootnote28anc" id="sdfootnote28sym">28</a>See<br /> also Human Rights Committee: General Comment 32 on Article 14,<br /> CCPR/C/GC/32, 23 August 2007,<br /><a href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/437/71/PDF/G0743771.pdf?OpenElement">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/437/71/PDF/G0743771.pdf?OpenElement</a>;<br /> United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention: OPINION No.<br /> 24/2003 (ISRAEL), 28 November 2003, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6481">http://wri-irg.org/node/6481</a>,<br /> OPINION No. 36/1999 (TURKEY), 2 December 1999,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/1600">http://wri-irg.org/node/1600</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote29"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote29sym" href="#sdfootnote29anc" id="sdfootnote29sym">29</a>An<br /> overview of the case is available at <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/5017">http://wri-irg.org/node/5017</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote30"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote30sym" href="#sdfootnote30anc" id="sdfootnote30sym">30</a>War<br /> Resisters' International: Conscientious objection to military<br /> service in Greece: Human Rights shortfalls, 1 February 2005,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/news/2005/greece05a-en.htm">http://wri-irg.org/news/2005/greece05a-en.htm</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote31"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote31sym" href="#sdfootnote31anc" id="sdfootnote31sym">31</a>Emails<br /> Alexia Tsouni, Association of Greek Conscientious Objectors, 15<br /> January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote32"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote32sym" href="#sdfootnote32anc" id="sdfootnote32sym">32</a>Aanwijzing<br /> inzake Gewetensbezwaren militaire dienst, 1 January 1994,<br /><a href="http://mpbundels.mindef.nl/31_serie/31_112/31_112_1150.htm">http://mpbundels.mindef.nl/31_serie/31_112/31_112_1150.htm</a>,<br /> accessed 15 January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote33"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote33sym" href="#sdfootnote33anc" id="sdfootnote33sym">33</a>Information<br /> provided by the Netherlands Ministry of Defence, November 2004,<br /> referenced in Quaker Council for European Affairs: The Right to<br /> Conscientious Objection in Europe, 2005,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/co/rtba/netherlands.htm">http://wri-irg.org/co/rtba/netherlands.htm</a>,<br /> accessed 11 August 2008.</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote34"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote34sym" href="#sdfootnote34anc" id="sdfootnote34sym">34</a>War<br /> Resisters' International: World Survey Conscientious Objection and<br /> Recruitment, Netherlands, 23 October 2008,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/programmes/world_survey/reports/Netherlands">http://wri-irg.org/programmes/world_survey/reports/Netherlands</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote35"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote35sym" href="#sdfootnote35anc" id="sdfootnote35sym">35</a>Antwort<br /> des Parlamentarischen Staatssekretärs Thomas Kossendey, 9 May 2007:<br /> Kriegsdienstverweigerung – Antragstellungen von Soldaten seit 2001<br /> nach Statusgruppen und insgesamt,<br /><a href="http://dip.bundestag.de/btd/16/053/1605317.pdf">http://dip.bundestag.de/btd/16/053/1605317.pdf</a>,<br /> accessed 15 January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote36"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote36sym" href="#sdfootnote36anc" id="sdfootnote36sym">36</a>Notes<br /> on the acquittal of a German military officer who refused to carry<br /> out a military order in connection with the Iraq War,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/news/2006/pfaff-en.htm">http://wri-irg.org/news/2006/pfaff-en.htm</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote37"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote37sym" href="#sdfootnote37anc" id="sdfootnote37sym">37</a>Numbers<br /> have been obtained under the Freedom of Information Act by War<br /> Resisters' International, and also by the Quakers. However, these<br /> numbers do not add up. According to the information obtained by War<br /> Resisters' International, only six individuals (3 RAF personnel, 3<br /> Navy personnel) have applied for discharge on the grounds of<br /> conscientious objection since 2000. Of these cases, five were<br /> successful (3 RAF personnel, 2 Navy personnel). It is interesting<br /> that according to information obtained by David Gee in March 2007,<br /> from April 2001 to March 2006 there had been four successful<br /> applications, all from Air Force personnel, and none for the Navy or<br /> Army.</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote38"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote38sym" href="#sdfootnote38anc" id="sdfootnote38sym">38</a>Mohisin<br /> Khan v RAF, [2004] EWHC (2230), paragraph 57,<br /><a href="http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/judgmentsfiles/j2822/khan-v-raf.htm">http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/judgmentsfiles/j2822/khan-v-raf.htm</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote39"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote39sym" href="#sdfootnote39anc" id="sdfootnote39sym">39</a>At<br /> least 1,000 UK soldiers desert, BBC News, 28 May 2006,<br /><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5024104.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5024104.stm</a>,<br /> accessed 1 October 2008</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote40"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote40sym" href="#sdfootnote40anc" id="sdfootnote40sym">40</a>SAS<br /> man quits in protest at 'illegal' Iraq war, The Guardian, 13 March<br /> 2006, <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1729553,00.html">http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1729553,00.html</a>,<br /> accessed 1 October 2008</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote41"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote41sym" href="#sdfootnote41anc" id="sdfootnote41sym">41</a>RAF<br /> doctor jailed over Iraq refusal, The Guardian, 13 April 2006,<br /><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1753241,00.html">http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1753241,00.html</a>,<br /> accessed 1 October 2008</p><br /></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- 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field--expert--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Programmes &amp; Projects</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/1" hreflang="en">Right to Refuse to Kill</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/92" hreflang="en">United Kingdom</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/173" hreflang="en">Sweden</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/201" hreflang="en">Spain (State 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hreflang="en">Latvia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/112" hreflang="en">Italy</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/269" hreflang="en">Ireland</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/259" hreflang="en">Hungary</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/122" hreflang="en">Greece</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/101" hreflang="en">Germany</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/123" hreflang="en">France</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/155" hreflang="en">Finland</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/244" hreflang="en">Estonia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/199" hreflang="en">Denmark</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/267" hreflang="en">Czech Republic</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/238" hreflang="en">Cyprus</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/222" hreflang="en">Bulgaria</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/166" hreflang="en">Belgium</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/113" hreflang="en">Austria</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Conscientious objection</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-institutions--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-institutions.html.twig * field--expert--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-institutions.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--node--field-institutions.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-institutions.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Institutions</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/48" hreflang="en">European Union (EU)</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=6484&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="jG2CkznV3BAHXItAtDHo4BB_14QSa60X7qKNjYUysW8"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Thu, 15 Jan 2009 13:15:20 +0000 warresisters 6484 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2009/conscientious-objection-legal-practices-and-frameworks-among-eu-member-states#comments Slovakia https://wri-irg.org/en/programmes/world_survey/reports/Slovakia <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--4600.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="4600" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 23 Oct 2008</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p></p><h4>Issues</h4><br /><ul><br /><li>Slovakia does not recognise the right to conscientious objection for professional soldiers.</li><br /><li>In case of the reintroduction of conscription, there will be a right to conscientious objection. Details of the provisions are however not known.</li><br /></ul><p></p><h4>Military recruitment</h4><br /><h5>Conscription</h5><br /><p>Slovakia abolished conscription in 2005. However, Article 25 paragraph 1 of the constitution still reads “<i>The defence of the Slovak Republic is a matter of honor for each citizen</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote1anc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" id="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>.</p><br /><p>Presently, Slovakia maintains fully voluntary Armed Forces. However, Law No. 570/2005 Coll. on “<i>National Service and on Change and Amendment of Some Acts</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote2anc" href="#sdfootnote2sym" id="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a><br /> regulates conscription in times of crisis or war. The detailed regulations are not known.</p><br /><h5>Professional soldiers</h5><br /><p>The service of professional soldiers is regulated in Law 346/2005 on “<i>State Service of Professional Soldiers of Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic and on Change and Amendment of Some Acts</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote3anc" href="#sdfootnote3sym" id="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a>. According to Article 13 of this law, Slovak citizens can apply to join the Slovak Armed Forces once they are 18 years old. A contract will first include a preparatory service, which is followed by a time based contract according to Article 20 (Temporary State Service). The service time is usually from three to six years, but can be extended (Article 21).</p><br /><h4>Conscientious objection</h4><br /><h5>Conscientious objection for conscripts</h5><br /><p>The constitution recognises the right to conscientious objection in Article 25 paragraph 2: “<i>No one must be forced to perform military service if this runs counter to his conscience or religious belief. The details will be specified in a law</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote4anc" href="#sdfootnote4sym" id="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a>.</p><br /><p>Should conscription be introduced in times of crisis or war (according to Law 570/2005), then Law No. 569/2005 Coll. on “<i>Alternative Service at the Time of War and State of War</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote5anc" href="#sdfootnote5sym" id="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a><br /> regulates the right to conscientious objection, and the duty to perform a substitute service.</p><br /><p>The law regulates the substitute service which a registered citizen or soldier in reserve is obliged to perform in the time of war and state of war instead of extraordinary military services, the procedure for refusal to perform the extraordinary military service, the records of registered citizens and soldiers in reserve obliged to perform substitute service, conscription of registered citizens and soldiers in reserve obliged to perform substitute service, and performance of substitute service<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote6anc" href="#sdfootnote6sym" id="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a>.</p><br /><h5>Conscientious objection for professional soldiers</h5><br /><p>The Slovak Republic does not recognise the right to conscientious objection for soldiers who<br /> joined the Armed Forces voluntarily. </p><br /><p>According to Article 69 of Law 346/2005, during preparatory state service “<i>the service<br /> relationship shall also end on the base of an application by the professional soldiers</i>”.</p><br /><p>According to Article 70 paragraph 2, a professional soldier can also apply “for termination of service relationship” before the end of the term. According to Article 72, a decision on dismissal has to be taken “without delay”, but more specifically within two month of the day the reason for dismissal has been established, or within one year the reason occurred.</p><br /><p>It is clear that this does not constitute a right to leave the Armed Forces prematurely. Also,<br /> reasons of conscience are not mentioned anywhere as a reason for premature dismissal.</p><br /><h4>Draft evasion and desertion</h4><br /><p>No information on practice is available.</p> <p></p><h5>Notes</h5><br /><div id="sdfootnote1"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote1sym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" id="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>Constitution<br /> of the Slovak Republic, <a href="http://www.slovensko.com/docs/const/">http://www.slovensko.com/docs/const/</a>,<br /> accessed 10 April 2008</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote2"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote2sym" href="#sdfootnote2anc" id="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>Law<br /> No. 570/2005 Coll. on National Service and on Change and Amendment<br /> of Some Acts, <a href="http://www.mosr.sk/legislativa/zakony/zakon05_570.pdf">http://www.mosr.sk/legislativa/zakony/zakon05_570.pdf</a>,<br /> accessed 10 April 2008</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote3"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote3sym" href="#sdfootnote3anc" id="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>Law<br /> No. 346/2005 Coll. on State Service of Professional Soldiers of<br /> Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic and on Change and Amendment of<br /> Some Acts, <a href="http://www.mosr.sk/legislativa/zakony/zakon_eng.pdf">http://www.mosr.sk/legislativa/zakony/zakon_eng.pdf</a>,<br /> accessed 10 April 2008</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote4"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote4sym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" id="sdfootnote4sym">4</a>Constitution<br /> of the Slovak Republic, <a href="http://www.slovensko.com/docs/const/">http://www.slovensko.com/docs/const/</a>,<br /> accessed 10 April 2008</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote5"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote5sym" href="#sdfootnote5anc" id="sdfootnote5sym">5</a>Law<br /> No. 569/2005 Coll. on Alternative Service at the Time of War and<br /> State of War, <a href="http://www.mosr.sk/legislativa/zakony/zakon05_569.pdf">http://www.mosr.sk/legislativa/zakony/zakon05_569.pdf</a>,<br /> accessed 10 April 2008</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote6"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote6sym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" id="sdfootnote6sym">6</a>Ministry<br /> of Defence: Acts under the competence of the Ministry of Defence of<br /> the Slovak Republic,<br /><a href="http://www.mosr.sk/index.php?page=341&amp;PHPSESSID=e87bf96d31e6c692c87a020adfb32c3f">http://www.mosr.sk/index.php?page=341&amp;PHPSESSID=e87bf96d31e6c692c87a020adfb32c3f</a>,<br /> accessed 10 April 2008</p><br /></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--upload--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--upload--story.html.twig * 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SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=4600&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="2BeowBPf9Tm3qmlJs9jl7zgwkc9deuluhXwB9OIx5S4"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Thu, 23 Oct 2008 00:00:00 +0000 warresisters 4600 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/programmes/world_survey/reports/Slovakia#comments Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Slovakia https://wri-irg.org/en/story/1997/concluding-observations-human-rights-committee-slovakia <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--7743.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="7743" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 04 Aug 1997</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p>CCPR/C/79/Add.79<br /> 4 August 1997</p> <p>(...)</p> <p>12. The Committee notes with concern that insufficient steps have been taken to date to implement various provisions of the Constitution dealing with fundamental rights and of the Covenant. In particular, the Committee regrets the absence or inadequacy of laws regulating matters relating to article 14 of the Covenant, with respect to the appointment of members of the judiciary; article 4 of the Covenant; article 18, with respect to the right to conscientious objection to military service without a punitive extension of the period of service; and article 25 of the Covenant. </p> <p>(...)</p> <p>Source: <a href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CCPR.C.79.Add.79.En?Opendocument">http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CCPR.C.79.Add.79.En?Opendocument</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/255" hreflang="en">Slovakia</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Conscientious objection</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-institutions--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-institutions.html.twig * field--expert--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-institutions.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--node--field-institutions.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-institutions.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Institutions</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/440" hreflang="en">Concluding observations</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/49" hreflang="en">UN Human Rights Committee</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=7743&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="_h6bQ3RPUFmWdxnXEEFsWLfYDSlYBXp-nuB1ie2rl68"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Sun, 03 Aug 1997 23:00:00 +0000 warresisters 7743 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/story/1997/concluding-observations-human-rights-committee-slovakia#comments