Romania https://wri-irg.org/en en Romania hosts seventh Black Sea Defence and Aerospace Exhibition https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2018/romania-hosts-seventh-black-sea-defence-and-aerospace-exhibition <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--41487.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="41487" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-image--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-image--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-image.html.twig * field--expert--field-image--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-image.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-image--story.html.twig * field--node--field-image.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'responsive_image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'responsive_image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image.html.twig' --> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/single_page_desktop/public/2018-05/bdsa.jpg?itok=8y3d_5fD 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/single_page_mobiles_and_tablets/public/2018-05/bdsa.jpg?itok=VlpX75KK 1x" type="image/jpeg"/> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/single_page_mobiles_and_tablets/public/2018-05/bdsa.jpg?itok=VlpX75KK" alt="A weapons stand at BDSA in 2016. Men mill around a number of model helicopters." title="An Airbus weapons stand at BDSA in 2016. " typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> </picture> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image-formatter.html.twig' --> <div class="caption">An Airbus weapons stand at BDSA in 2016. </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 21 May 2018</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--dynamic-twig-field:node-author-name-twig---custom.html.twig * field--default--node--dynamic-twig-field--node-author-name-twig--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--dynamic-twig-field--node-author-name-twig.html.twig * field--default--dynamic-twig-field--node-author-name-twig--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--dynamic-twig-field--node-author-name-twig.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--dynamic-twig-field--node-author-name-twig--story.html.twig * field--node--dynamic-twig-field--node-author-name-twig.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--dynamic-twig-field--node-author-name-twig.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-twig-fieldnode-author-name-twig field--type-ds field--label-inline"> <div class="field--label">Author(s)</div> <div class="field--item"> <span>Andrew Metheven</span> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p>In May, Romania hosted the Black Sea Defence and Aerospace Exhibition (BDSA), which saw 270 companies from 25 different countries exhibit to delegations from Saudi Arabia, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Egypt, Lebanon, Lithuania, Pakistan, Portugal and Vietnam. The event was held in Bucharest and opened on the 18th May. Exhibitors included some of the world's biggest arms manufacturers, such as Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, and Thales, as well as smaller companies marketing specialist equipment or services. A large range of equipment was on display at BDSA, including tanks, fight jets, assault rifles, helicopters, and missiles.</p> <p>Romania has recently committed to increasing it's defence spending <a href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/romania-hosts-its-biggest-military-exhibit-05-17-2018">to meet the NATO requirement of 2% of GDP</a>, and has committed to spending 40% of that increase on new military hardware, making the country attractive to companies building military hardware. In early 2018, Romania <a href="http://bsda.ro/en/news/general-dynamics-european-land-systems-awarded-1-billion-contract-to-deliver-piranha-5-wheeled-armored-vehicles-to-romanian-army/">signed a contract worth over a billion dollars </a>with General Dynamics to supply up to 227 PIRHANA 5 armoured vehicles to the Romania military, built by a consortium of companies in Romania.</p> <p>  </p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-author-information--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--field-author-information--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--field-author-information.html.twig * field--default--field-author-information--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--field-author-information.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--field-author-information--story.html.twig * field--node--field-author-information.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-author-information.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-information field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author information</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--authors-and-bios--bio-only.html.twig * paragraph--authors-and-bios.html.twig * paragraph--bio-only.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/paragraphs/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--authors-and-bios paragraph--id--_68 paragraph--view-mode--bio-only"> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/paragraphs/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-programmes-projects--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Programmes &amp; Projects</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/programme/war-profiteers" hreflang="en">War Profiteers</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/130" hreflang="en">Romania</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=41487&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="2I4tHodyuj-BnPBKsoqh3yxMDbQ382pm3lCo92I2-Tw"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Mon, 21 May 2018 09:55:06 +0000 Andrew 41487 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2018/romania-hosts-seventh-black-sea-defence-and-aerospace-exhibition#comments Is war necessary to obtain justice? https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2010/war-necessary-obtain-justice <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--11003.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="11003" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 15 Sep 2010</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p>The <a href="http://www.gmfus.org">German Marshall Fund of the United States</a> annually does a survey on important "transatlantic trends", which can make an interesting read. One of the questions asked is: "<em>Please tell me to what extent do you agree with the following: Under some conditions, was is necessary to obtain justice.</em>" (Q29.2). The answers are quite revealing (see graphic below).</p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'filter_caption' --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/filter/templates/filter-caption.html.twig' --><figure role="group"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/entity_embed/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --><div alt="Source: Transatlantic Trends: Topline data 2009, http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf " data-embed-button="image_embed" data-entity-embed-display="image:responsive_image" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;responsive_image_style&quot;:&quot;body_inline_half&quot;,&quot;image_link&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c1272663-b324-4d39-a4b8-80b918b48f55" title="Is war necessary to obtain justice?" data-langcode="en" class="embedded-entity"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'responsive_image_formatter' --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image-formatter.html.twig' --><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'responsive_image' --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image.html.twig' --><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --><p><img srcset="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/large/public/images/WarNecessary4Justice.home.png?itok=Liboed64 1x" src="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/large/public/images/WarNecessary4Justice.home.png?itok=Liboed64" alt="Source: Transatlantic Trends: Topline data 2009, http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf " title="Is war necessary to obtain justice?" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /></p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image.html.twig' --><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image-formatter.html.twig' --></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/entity_embed/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --><figcaption>Source: Transatlantic Trends: Topline data 2009, <a href="http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf">http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf</a></figcaption></figure><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/filter/templates/filter-caption.html.twig' --><p> Is it a surprise that in the USA and Britain more than 50% agree with this statement (USA in 2009: 37% "strongly agree" and 34% "agree somewhat"; Britain in 2009: 20% "strongly agree" and 35% "agree somewhat")? It is interesting that in these two countries, who are most responsible for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, a high proportion of the population agrees that war is sometimes necessary - higher than in Turkey, a country which a very visible tradition of militarism. Most of the European countries trail far behind - 18% in France, 19% in Germany, 16% in Italy, 29% in the Netherlands, 19% in Poland, etc.</p> <p>The good news however is that in most countries the figures have consistently gone down - including in the USA and Britain, but even more so in France, Germany, Italy, or Poland.</p> <p>Source: Transatlantic Trends: Topline data 2009, <a href="http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf">http://www.gmfus.org/trends/doc/2009_English_Top.pdf</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-programmes-projects--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Programmes &amp; Projects</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/1" hreflang="en">Right to Refuse to Kill</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/216" hreflang="en">United States of America</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/92" hreflang="en">United Kingdom</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/201" hreflang="en">Spain (State of)</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/255" hreflang="en">Slovakia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/130" hreflang="en">Romania</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/116" hreflang="en">Portugal</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/214" hreflang="en">Poland</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/192" hreflang="en">Netherlands</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/112" hreflang="en">Italy</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/101" hreflang="en">Germany</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/123" hreflang="en">France</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/222" hreflang="en">Bulgaria</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">International Law</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Civil disobedience/NVDA</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=11003&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="sUGsTOhpZrNY2vIip9P5hGtzp-MVHtFbQLHL_yrMLyA"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Sep 2010 16:37:01 +0000 warresisters 11003 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2010/war-necessary-obtain-justice#comments Conscientious objection: Legal practices and frameworks among EU member states https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2009/conscientious-objection-legal-practices-and-frameworks-among-eu-member-states <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--6484.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="6484" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * 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field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><!--break--><h3>Presentation for the Subcommittee on Security and Defence of the European<br /> Parliament</h3> <p>by Andreas Speck, Right to Refuse to Kill Programme, War Resisters' International<br /><br /><br /><br /></p> <p></p><h2>1. Introduction</h2> <p></p><p>In this presentation I<br /> will give an overview of the right to conscientious objection, its<br /> legal practices and frameworks in the 27 European Union member<br /> states. Before I do so, I want to step back a bit and have a brief<br /> look at the existing international standards about the right to<br /> conscientious objection, as these standards allow us to put the<br /> practices in the EU member states into a perspective.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>► Conscientious objection as a right</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">It is now accepted that<br /> the right to conscientious objection is protected under the right to<br /> freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 18 <i>International<br /> Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</i>, Article 9 of the <i>European<br /> Convention of Human Rights</i>), and seen as a legitimate exercise of<br /> this right<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote1anc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" id="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>.<br /> The former United Nations Commission on Human Rights has reiterated<br /> this right in several resolutions since 1987<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote2anc" href="#sdfootnote2sym" id="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a>.<br /> If there have been any doubts in the past, then the decision of the<br /> United Nations <i>Human Rights Committee</i> from January 2007 on two<br /> individual complaints from South Korea certainly clarified the<br /> issue<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote3anc" href="#sdfootnote3sym" id="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a>.<br /> Subsequently, the United Nations <i>Working Group on Arbitrary<br /> Detention</i> classified any imprisonment of a conscientious objector<br /> as a form of arbitrary detention<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote4anc" href="#sdfootnote4sym" id="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a>,<br /> while previously it only saw the second and any subsequent<br /> imprisonment as arbitrary detention.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">It is important to note<br /> that article 18(1) of the Covenant, which covers both the right to<br /> freedom of thought, conscience and religion and to manifest it, is<br /> non-derogable even during times of national emergency threatening the<br /> life of the nation.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">While there has been<br /> some jurisprudence at the level of the United Nations <i>Human Rights<br /> Committee</i>, the <i>European Court of Human Rights</i> has so far<br /> shied away from ruling on the question whether article 9 of the<br /> European Convention of Human Rights includes the right to<br /> conscientious objection<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote5anc" href="#sdfootnote5sym" id="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a>.<br /> It is hard to imagine that following the Human Rights Committee<br /> decision from 23 January 2007, the ECHR would not rule in a similar<br /> manner to the Human Rights Committee in a future case.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Although the right to<br /> conscientious objection is derived from the right to freedom of<br /> thought, conscience and religion, it is clear that it is not limited<br /> to religious convictions. According to the Human Rights Committee's<br /> General Comment No 22, “<i>article 18 protects theistic,<br /> non-theistic and atheistic beliefs</i>”. In fact, the Human Rights<br /> Committee repeatedly recommended to States in its Concluding<br /> Observations “<i>extend the right of conscientious objection<br /> against mandatory military service to persons who hold non-religious<br /> beliefs grounded in conscience</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote6anc" href="#sdfootnote6sym" id="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The question of<br /> “selective” conscientious objection, not to war in general but to<br /> a particular war, has not been dealt with very much. However, the<br /> United Nations General Assembly, in its resolution 33/165 from 20<br /> December 1978, recognised “<i>the right of all persons to refuse<br /> service in military or police forces which are used to enforce<br /> apartheid</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote7anc" href="#sdfootnote7sym" id="sdfootnote7anc"><sup>7</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">It is also important to<br /> note that it is not allowed to exclude groups of people from the<br /> right to conscientious objection, for example for having a gun<br /> license or other reasons.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>► Right to conscientious objection at any time – before, during and after<br /> service</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Another important<br /> aspect is when an application for conscientious objection can be<br /> made. The general freedom to change one's religion or belief is<br /> recognised in Article 18(1) of the Covenant. Thus, the Human Rights<br /> Committee recognised in its Concluding Observations on Chile, that<br /> “<i>conscientious objection can </i><i>occur at any time, even when<br /> a person’s military service has already begun</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote8anc" href="#sdfootnote8sym" id="sdfootnote8anc"><sup>8</sup></a>.<br /> The Commission on Human Rights in its resolution 1998/77 highlighted<br /> “<i>that persons performing military service may develop<br /> conscientious objections</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote9anc" href="#sdfootnote9sym" id="sdfootnote9anc"><sup>9</sup></a>.<br /> The European Parliament, in its resolution from 13 October 1989,<br /> called “<i>for the right to be granted to all conscripts at any<br /> time to refuse military service, whether armed or unarmed, on grounds<br /> of conscience</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote10anc" href="#sdfootnote10sym" id="sdfootnote10anc"><sup>10</sup></a>.<br /> In its 1994 resolution, the European Parliament explicitly called “<i>on<br /> the Member States of the European Union which do not have (or no<br /> longer have) conscription and military and civilian service<br /> nevertheless to guarantee the fundamental right of conscientious<br /> objection</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote11anc" href="#sdfootnote11sym" id="sdfootnote11anc"><sup>11</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><i>Council of Europe<br /> Parliamentary Assembly</i> Recommendation 1518 (2001) explicitly<br /> recognised “<i>the right to be registered as a conscientious<br /> objector at any time: before, during or after conscription, or<br /> performance of military service</i>” and “<i>the right for<br /> permanent members of the armed forces to apply for the granting of<br /> conscientious objector status</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote12anc" href="#sdfootnote12sym" id="sdfootnote12anc"><sup>12</sup></a>.<br /> The Parliamentary Assembly also demanded from member states on 24<br /> March 2006 in a decision on human rights in the Armed Forces to<br /> “<i>introduce into their legislation the right to be registered as<br /> a conscientious objector at any time, namely before, during or after<br /> implementation of military service, as well as the right of career<br /> servicemen to obtain the status of conscientious objector</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote13anc" href="#sdfootnote13sym" id="sdfootnote13anc"><sup>13</sup></a>.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>► Impartial decision making procedure</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The United Nations<br /> Commission on Human Rights has welcomed “<i>the fact that some<br /> States accept claims of conscientious objection as valid without<br /> inquiry</i>”, and called for “<i>independent and impartial<br /> decision-making bodies</i>” where this is not the case<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote14anc" href="#sdfootnote14sym" id="sdfootnote14anc"><sup>14</sup></a>.<br /> More concretely, it has expressed its concern that “<i>the<br /> assessment of applications for such service is solely under the<br /> control of the Ministry of Defence</i>”. It therefore recommended<br /> “<i>placing the assessment of applications for conscientious<br /> objector status under the control of civilian authorities</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote15anc" href="#sdfootnote15sym" id="sdfootnote15anc"><sup>15</sup></a>.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>► Non-punitive substitute service</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">It first has to be<br /> noted that there does not have to be a substitute service. However,<br /> if a state decides to require a substitute service from conscientious<br /> objectors, then this substitute service has to be compatible with the<br /> reasons for the conscientious objection, of civilian character, in<br /> the public interest and not of a punitive nature. The term “punitive”<br /> covers not only the duration of substitute service, but also the type<br /> of service and the conditions under which it is served.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In terms of length of<br /> substitute service, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has<br /> made clear in <i>Foin v. France</i> that any difference in length<br /> must be “<i>based on reasonable and objective criteria, such as the<br /> nature of the specific service concerned, or the need for a special<br /> training in order to accomplish that service</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote16anc" href="#sdfootnote16sym" id="sdfootnote16anc"><sup>16</sup></a>.<br /> This means that any general difference in length, as is the practice<br /> in many countries, is not permitted.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>► Provision of information</h3> <p></p><p>It<br /> is obvious that the provision of information about a right is crucial<br /> for people to make use of that right. Therefore, the United Nations<br /> Commission on Human Rights affirmed in its resolution 1998/77 “<i>the<br /> importance of the availability of information about the right to<br /> conscientious objection to military service, and the means of<br /> acquiring conscientious objector status, to all persons affected by<br /> military service</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote17anc" href="#sdfootnote17sym" id="sdfootnote17anc"><sup>17</sup></a>.</p><br /><p>Council<br /> of Europe Recommendation No. R (87) 8 says that “<i>persons liable<br /> to conscription shall be informed in advance of their rights. For<br /> this purpose, the state shall provide them with all relevant<br /> information directly or allow private organizations concerned to<br /> furnish that information</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote18anc" href="#sdfootnote18sym" id="sdfootnote18anc"><sup>18</sup></a>.</p><br /><br /><br /><h2>2. Practice in European Union member states</h2> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">From the 27 European<br /> Union member states, 10 presently maintain conscription, although of<br /> these two – Poland and Sweden – are presently in the process of<br /> suspending conscription. However, most countries that did have<br /> conscription in the recent past did not just abolish it, but mainly<br /> suspended to enforce conscription. In most cases these countries<br /> maintain laws and regulations which allow to enforce conscription<br /> under certain circumstances, i.e. in situations of war or an<br /> emergency.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Presently, all<br /> countries of the European Union that maintain conscription do provide<br /> for the right to conscientious objection in some form. However, this<br /> does not mean that this would comply with the international standards<br /> set out in the introduction.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><i>Table 1: Overview:<br /> conscription and the right to conscientious objection in the European<br /> Union</i></p> <p></p><table frame="VOID" cellspacing="0" cols="5" rules="NONE" border="0"><br /><colgroup><col width="170" /><col width="125" /><col width="114" /><col width="128" /><col width="153" /></colgroup><br /><tbody><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" rowspan="2" width="170" height="55" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Country</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" rowspan="2" width="125" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Conscription</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" colspan="2" width="242" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>CO for conscripts</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" rowspan="2" width="153" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>CO for professional soldiers</b></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><b>before military service</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><b>during and after military service</b></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Austria</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Belgium</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Bulgaria</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Cyprus</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Czech Republic</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Denmark</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Estonia</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Finland</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">France</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><br /></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Germany</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Greece</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Hungary</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Ireland</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Italy</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><br /></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Latvia</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><br /></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Lithuania</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Luxembourg</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Malta</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Netherlands</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Poland</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Portugal</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Romania</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Slovakia</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Slovenia</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Spain</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Suspended</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER"><br /></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">Sweden</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT">United Kingdom</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">No</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">n.a.</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER">Yes</td><br /></tr><br /></tbody><br /></table><br /><p align="right">War Resisters' International 2008</p> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">A more detailed look is<br /> provided in Table 2. However, in some cases, the details as<br /> prescribed by law are not known.<br /></p> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In several EU Member<br /> States not everyone has a right to conscientious objection. In some<br /> countries, such as Greece, certain groups cannot apply for<br /> conscientious objector status. In Greece, anyone having a gun license<br /> or with a criminal record cannot apply for conscientious objection.<br /> In Estonia, the situation is a bit unclear, but the wording of the<br /> law makes it likely that conscientious objection is only recognised<br /> for religious reasons. The same applies for Lithuania.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In Poland, the right to<br /> conscientious objection is only available in times of peace.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In many countries, the<br /> right to conscientious objection is not available at any time. As<br /> Table 1 shows, this right is often not available during or after<br /> military service. Often, there are strict time limits for the<br /> submission of an application for conscientious objection, which again<br /> limits this right.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always"><br /><i>Table 2: Practice right to conscientious objection in countries<br /> which enforce conscription</i></p><br /><table frame="VOID" cellspacing="0" cols="6" rules="NONE" border="0"><br /><colgroup><col width="145" /><col width="125" /><col width="106" /><col width="100" /><col width="110" /><col width="170" /></colgroup><br /><tbody><br /><tr><br /><td width="145" height="32" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b><br /></b></td><br /><td width="125" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Right to CO</b></td><br /><td width="106" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>At any time?</b></td><br /><td width="100" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Impartial decision making</b></td><br /><td width="110" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Substitute service</b></td><br /><td width="170" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Other</b></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="32" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Austria</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Problem of low payments for CO in substitute service</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Cyprus</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE">?</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Denmark</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="47" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Estonia</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE">?</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Not clear whether substitute service is genuinely civilian</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="32" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Finland</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Imprisonment of total objectors</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="47" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Germany</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Repeated disciplinary punishment of total objectors</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="47" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Greece</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Especially problems with old cases (Lazaros Petromelidis)</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Lithuania</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE">?</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Poland *)</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔ ()</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol"></font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" height="32" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE"><b>Sweden **)</b></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE"><font face="OpenSymbol">✔</font></td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="CENTER" valign="MIDDLE">-</td><br /><td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">Presently no substitute service</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="6" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">*) Conscription will be suspended in 2009</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="6" height="17" align="LEFT" valign="MIDDLE">**) Conscription under review, likely to be suspended</td><br /></tr><br /></tbody><br /></table><br /><p class="western" align="RIGHT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">War<br /> Resisters' International, 2009</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The decision making<br /> procedure is another issue of concern. In many countries, an<br /> application will be decided by the Ministry of Defence or some<br /> administration under the Ministry of Defence. While in Finland for<br /> example all applications are more or less automatically granted<br /> without examination, and therefore it does not create a problem, in<br /> countries where there is some examination of the reasons given for<br /> conscientious objection, this is much more problematic. In Greece,<br /> non-religious conscientious objectors for example have difficulties<br /> getting recognised by the Ministry of Defence. In Poland, the rate of<br /> accepted CO applications is low, compared to other countries. Only<br /> about 60% of CO applications are granted<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote19anc" href="#sdfootnote19sym" id="sdfootnote19anc"><sup>19</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Problematic is<br /> especially the issue of substitute service for conscientious<br /> objectors. In most countries – with the exception of Denmark and<br /> Germany – substitute service is longer than military service,<br /> sometimes considerably longer. The European Committee on Social<br /> Rights complained about the length of substitute service in the cases<br /> of Cyprus<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote20anc" href="#sdfootnote20sym" id="sdfootnote20anc"><sup>20</sup></a>,<br /> Estonia<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote21anc" href="#sdfootnote21sym" id="sdfootnote21anc"><sup>21</sup></a>,<br /> Greece<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote22anc" href="#sdfootnote22sym" id="sdfootnote22anc"><sup>22</sup></a>,<br /> and Finland<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote23anc" href="#sdfootnote23sym" id="sdfootnote23anc"><sup>23</sup></a>.<br /> Also the United Nations Human Rights Committee has repeatedly<br /> complained about the length of substitute service<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote24anc" href="#sdfootnote24sym" id="sdfootnote24anc"><sup>24</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">While the Euopean<br /> Committee for Social Rights considers a substitute service of 1.5<br /> times the length of military service as in compliance with the<br /> European Social Charta, the United Nations Human Rights Committee<br /> also considers a substitute service of 1.5 times the length of<br /> military service as punitive in length<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote25anc" href="#sdfootnote25sym" id="sdfootnote25anc"><sup>25</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In some European Union<br /> Member states conscientious objectors face prosecution and<br /> imprisonment. In the case of Greece, this is especially case for some<br /> cases of conscientious objectors going back to the time before Greece<br /> introduced the right to conscientious objection (i.e. the case of<br /> Lazaros Petromelidis<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote26anc" href="#sdfootnote26sym" id="sdfootnote26anc"><sup>26</sup></a>),<br /> or for conscientious objectors who are not recognised.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In Finland, total<br /> objectors, who refuse substitute service for a variety of reasons,<br /> among them often the punitive length of substitute service, are<br /> routinely imprisoned for half the time they would have had to serve.<br /> According to the Union of COs Finland, there are about 60-80 cases<br /> every year.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In Germany, total<br /> objectors face repeated disciplinary punishment by the military<br /> authorities, often 3-4 terms of imprisonment up to a total of 63<br /> days. According to a decree of the Ministry of Defence from 21 April<br /> 2008<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote27anc" href="#sdfootnote27sym" id="sdfootnote27anc"><sup>27</sup></a>,<br /> total objectors should not be released from the military before they<br /> have not served at least two arrests of 21 days each. This decree is<br /> a clear violation of Article 14, paragraph 7 of the International<br /> Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which prohibits the repeated<br /> punishment for the same offence<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote28anc" href="#sdfootnote28sym" id="sdfootnote28anc"><sup>28</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><br /><br /><h2 class="western">3. Conscientious objection for professional<br /> soldiers</h2> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">As stated in the<br /> overview, only three European Union Member states – Germany, the<br /> Netherlands, and the United Kingdom – recognise the right to<br /> conscientious objection for professional soldiers.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><br /><br /><h3>Countries without the right to conscientious<br /> objection for professional soldiers</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In countries where<br /> professional soldiers do not have the right to conscientious<br /> objection, it is likely that those wishing to leave the Armed Forces<br /> for reasons of conscience might seek other ways to get a discharge.<br /> However, these other ways rarely constitute a right to be discharged,<br /> especially in situations of war or an emergency.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The Greek case of<br /><i>Giorgios Monastiriotis</i><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote29anc" href="#sdfootnote29sym" id="sdfootnote29anc"><sup>29</sup></a>,<br /> who initially signed up to the Greek navy on a five year contract,<br /> highlights the problems. In May 2003 <i>Giorgos Monstaritiotis</i><br /> refused to embark with the crew of the battleship "Navarino"<br /> on a mission to the Persian Gulf. He declared his immediate<br /> resignation from the Navy instead. The Navarino was sailing to the<br /> Persian Gulf as part of operation "Enduring Freedom".<br /><i>Giorgos Monastiriotis</i> gave the following statement prior to<br /> his refusal in May 2003: "<i>Acting on the basis of my<br /> conscience, I refuse to take part or contribute by any means in the<br /> relentless slaughter of the Iraqi people. I refuse to take part in a<br /> war that is not ended, as even now after its official end people and<br /> among them many children are being killed. Even if this war is<br /> officially finished, many more are to come, as war is necessary for<br /> the expansion of the dominance of the ruling powers. I declare my<br /> immediate resignation from the Hellenic Navy, which is a mechanism<br /> that promotes inhuman practices through orders and hierarchy and acts<br /> as a means of extortion and repression of the movement and the<br /> uprisings of the people. My refusal is also the minimal act of<br /> solidarity due to the Iraqi people and to the peaceful sentiments of<br /> the Greek people.</i>"</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">As Greece does not<br /> recognise the right to conscientious objection for professional<br /> soldiers, <i>Giorgios Monastiriotis</i> had no other options than to<br /> simply declare his conscientious objection. What followed were<br /> several trials and prison sentences, and also new call-ups to<br /> military service<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote30anc" href="#sdfootnote30sym" id="sdfootnote30anc"><sup>30</sup></a>.<br /> Giorgios Monastiriotis has been sentenced to 24 months' imprisonment,<br /> suspended for three years, on 31 October 2006, and even today has<br /> still an open case for desertion, following a third call-up to<br /> military service<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote31anc" href="#sdfootnote31sym" id="sdfootnote31anc"><sup>31</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The situation is<br /> slightly different in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United<br /> Kingdom, the three countries that recognise the right to<br /> conscientious objection for professional soldiers. However, in these<br /> countries too the situation is not without problems.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>Netherlands</h3><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In the Netherlands, the<br /> legal basis for the right to conscientious objection for professional<br /> soldiers is only a decree of the Ministry of Defence from 1 January<br /> 1994<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote32anc" href="#sdfootnote32sym" id="sdfootnote32anc"><sup>32</sup></a>,<br /> which extends the law on conscientious objection, which only applies<br /> to conscripts, also to professional soldiers. It is important to note<br /> that according to the Ministry of Defence in 2004, professional<br /> soldiers who have a conscientious objection to particular campaigns<br /> of the armed forces, for example deployment in Iraq, do not have the<br /> right to claim conscientious objection to participation in these<br /> particular campaigns<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote33anc" href="#sdfootnote33sym" id="sdfootnote33anc"><sup>33</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In practice, there have<br /> been several trials against soldiers refusing to deploy to<br /> Afghanistan. In 2007 the appeal court in Arnhem acquitted a soldier<br /> who refused to deploy to Afghanistan, after he had initially been<br /> sentenced to two months imprisonment. There was also a second case of<br /> refusal, which lead to a prosecution. However, a second person has<br /> also been finally acquitted in December 2007<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote34anc" href="#sdfootnote34sym" id="sdfootnote34anc"><sup>34</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Presently, War<br /> Resisters' International is not aware of any statistics on the number<br /> of applications for a discharge as conscientious objector in the<br /> Netherlands.</p><br /><br /><br /><h3>Germany</h3> <p></p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In Germany, the right<br /> to conscientious objection applies equally to conscripts and<br /> professional soldiers.<br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><i>Table 3:<br /> Conscientious objection – applications from soldiers since 2001</i></p><br /><table width="100%" border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"><br /><col width="52*" /><br /><col width="34*" /><br /><col width="33*" /><br /><col width="34*" /><br /><col width="34*" /><br /><col width="34*" /><br /><col width="37*" /><br /><tr valign="TOP"><br /><td width="20%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western"><br /><br /></p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2001</b></p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2002</b></p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2003</b></p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2004</b></p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2005</b></p><br /></td><br /><td width="14%" bgcolor="#000000"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER"><b>2006</b></p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td width="20%" valign="TOP"><br /><p class="western">Conscripts</p><br /><p class="western">/voluntary military service</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2386</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2242</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1669</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1861</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1568</p><br /></td><br /><td width="14%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2203</p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td width="20%" valign="TOP"><br /><p class="western">Contract soldiers</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">62</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">79</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">71</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">73</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">70</p><br /></td><br /><td width="14%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">65</p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td width="20%" valign="TOP"><br /><p class="western">Professional soldiers</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">0</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">0</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1</p><br /></td><br /><td width="14%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1</p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td width="20%" valign="TOP"><br /><p class="western">Total</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2448</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2322</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1740</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1936</p><br /></td><br /><td width="13%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">1639</p><br /></td><br /><td width="14%"><br /><p class="western" align="CENTER">2269</p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p class="western" align="RIGHT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Source:<br /> Antwort des Parlamentarischen Staatssekretärs Thomas Kossendey, 9<br /> May 2007<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote35anc" href="#sdfootnote35sym" id="sdfootnote35anc"><sup>35</sup></a></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Problematic<br /> is especially that the military authorities regard a release from the<br /> armed forces which is based on conscientious objection as a release<br /> on someone's own initiative. This means that a professional soldier<br /> who has been recognised as a conscientious objector needs to pay back<br /> the costs of any courses that (s)he has followed in the military and<br /> that have a civilian use. This can lead to a considerable financial<br /> burden, almost making it impossible to leave the Armed Forces.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The case of<br /> Florian Pfaff highlighted another problem with the right to<br /> conscientious objection. However, as Florian Pfaff did not claim<br /> conscientious objection, but refused an order that he regarded as<br /> illegal, his case falls more under the category of the right to<br /> refuse illegal orders. In its judgement, the Bundesverwaltungsgericht<br /> however acquitted Florian Pfaff based on freedom of conscience. The<br /> Bundesverwaltungsgericht stated in its judgement: “<i>A soldier<br /> does not have to carry out an order, on the ground that it is<br /> unreasonable, if he can invoke protection of the fundamental right to<br /> freedom of conscience (Article 4(1) of the Basic Law). The protection<br /> afforded by Article 4(1) of the Basic Law is not overridden by the<br /> fundamental right to recognition as a conscientious objector (Article<br /> 4(3) of the Basic Law).</i>” And: “<i>If (...) the soldier still<br /> maintains that his conscience will not allow him to carry out the<br /> order, and if this is understandable in the sense described earlier,<br /> then a compromise must be reached which protects both sides (use<br /> elsewhere, transfer, reassignment, etc.).</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote36anc" href="#sdfootnote36sym" id="sdfootnote36anc"><sup>36</sup></a></p><br /><br /><br /><h3>United Kingdom</h3> <p></p><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">In the<br /> United Kingdom, each of the three branches of the Armed Forces has<br /> its own regulations governing the right to conscientious objection.<br /> Especially problematic is that the regulations governing the right to<br /> conscientious objection are not in the public domain, and information<br /> is difficult to obtain by members of the public, and also by members<br /> of the Armed Forces. In addition, decision making on an application<br /> for conscientious objection in the first instance is by the<br /> respective branch of the Armed Forces itself, and not by an<br /> independent body. Only the appeal body – the Advisory Committee on<br /> Conscientious Objectors – is an independent body.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The<br /> regulations are:</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><ul><br /><li><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Instruction<br /> 006 – Retirement or Discharge on Grounds of Conscience for the<br /> Army, including the Territorial Army;</p><br /></li><li><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">AP3392<br /> Vol 5. Leaflet 113, Procedure for Dealing with Conscientious<br /> Objectors within the Royal Air Force for the Air Force;</p><br /></li><li><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Personnel,<br /> Legal, Administrative and General Orders 0801, Application for<br /> Discharge on Grounds of Conscientious Objection for the Navy.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"></p><br /></li></ul><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">While the<br /> application procedure is similar for the three branches of the Armed<br /> Forces, there are also important differences.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">It has to be<br /> pointed out that for all three services an application for discharge<br /> on grounds of conscience does not prevent deployment. During the time<br /> the application is being processed, the applicant remains a member of<br /> the Armed Forces with all duties this implies. There is no right to<br /> ask for service without arms during the processing of the CO<br /> application.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">The<br /> regulations for the Royal Air Force also do not allow an application<br /> for conscientious objection from a soldier who is absent without<br /> leave or a deserter, or subject of outstanding disciplinary action.<br /> This is problematic as it is not uncommon for conscientious objectors<br /> to go absent without leave for a short period, as especially<br /> experience from the United States of America shows.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">There are<br /> very few cases of conscientious objection in the UK Armed Forces<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote37anc" href="#sdfootnote37sym" id="sdfootnote37anc"><sup>37</sup></a>.<br /> One explanation for this is the lack of information. This lack of<br /> access to and knowledge about the right to conscientious objection<br /> has also been an issue in the case of reservist Leading Aircraftsman<br /> Mohisin Khan, who went absent without leave when recalled for<br /> service. He claimed that he was not aware of the right to<br /> conscientious objection. In its judgement, the High Court says “<i>It<br /> is, however, true that the call-out materials in this case, like the<br /> 1997 Regulations, do not mention conscientious objection expressly.<br /> In that respect, it would seem that the information provided to the<br /> recalled reservist could be improved</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote38anc" href="#sdfootnote38sym" id="sdfootnote38anc"><sup>38</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">According to<br /> military law expert Gilbert Blades, who represents soldiers at courts<br /> martial, the numbers leaving because of Iraq are often obscured as<br /> they were not counted as conscientious objectors<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote39anc" href="#sdfootnote39sym" id="sdfootnote39anc"><sup>39</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Two<br /> high-profile cases of Iraq war resisters underline this point.<br /> Benjamin Griffin, a former SAS soldier, refused to return to Iraq<br /> while on leave in March 2005 after three month of service in Baghdad.<br /> Unexpectedly, he was discharged from the army “<i>with a glowing<br /> testimonial</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote40anc" href="#sdfootnote40sym" id="sdfootnote40anc"><sup>40</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Malcolm<br /> Kendall-Smith, a medical officer in the Royal Air Force, fared less<br /> well. He refused to serve in Iraq in July 2005, and was subsequently<br /> court-martialed, and sentenced to eight month imprisonment, plus a<br /> discharge from the Air Force<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote41anc" href="#sdfootnote41sym" id="sdfootnote41anc"><sup>41</sup></a>.</p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm">Both cases<br /> are again on the borderline to the right to refuse illegal orders.<br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><br /><br /><h2>4. Conclusions</h2> <p></p><p class="western">While all European Union Member states that<br /> practice conscription recognise the right to conscientious objection<br /> for conscripts, the implementation of this right is in most cases not<br /> compliant with the international standards as set out by United<br /> Nations bodies, the Council of Europe, and the European Parliament.</p><br /><p class="western">Only very few countries accept an application for<br /> conscientious objection at any time – before, during and after<br /> military service – and in many cases the decision making procedure<br /> is not impartial. Also, in many cases the substitute service is of<br /> punitive length.</p><br /><p class="western">Regarding the right to conscientious objection for<br /> professional soldiers, the situation is even worse. Only three out of<br /> the 27 European Union Member states recognise the right to<br /> conscientious objection for professional soldiers. Also in these<br /> three countries, there are still a range of problems in practice.</p><br /><p class="western"><br /><br /><br /></p><br /><p class="western" align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><br /><br /></p><br /><div id="sdfootnote1"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote1sym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" id="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>Human<br /> Rights Committee: General Comment 22 on Article 18, 30 June 1993,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6410">http://wri-irg.org/node/6410</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote2"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote2sym" href="#sdfootnote2anc" id="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>See<br /> for example <i>Commission on Human Rights</i> resolutions 1987/73<br /> from 5 March 1987, 1989/59 from 8 March 1989<br /> (<a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6409">http://wri-irg.org/node/6409</a>),<br /> 1998/77 from 22 April 1998 (<a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6136">http://wri-irg.org/node/6136</a>),<br /> 2000/34 from 20 April 2000 (<a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6418">http://wri-irg.org/node/6418</a>),<br /> 2002/45 from 23 April 2002 (<a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6415">http://wri-irg.org/node/6415</a>),<br /> and 2004/35 from 19 April 2004 (<a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6412">http://wri-irg.org/node/6412</a>)</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote3"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote3sym" href="#sdfootnote3anc" id="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>Mr.<br /> Yeo-Bum Yoon and Mr. Myung-Jin Choi vs Republic of Korea,<br /> Communications Nos. 1321/2004 and 1322/2004 : Republic of Korea.<br /> 23/01/2007. CCPR/C/88/D/1321-1322/2004. (Jurisprudence),<br /><a href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/26a8e9722d0cdadac1257279004c1b4e?Opendocument">http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/26a8e9722d0cdadac1257279004c1b4e?Opendocument</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote4"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote4sym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" id="sdfootnote4sym">4</a>OPINION<br /> No.8/2008 (Colombia), 9 May 2008,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/news/2008/colombia-opinion-es.htm">http://wri-irg.org/news/2008/colombia-opinion-es.htm</a>,<br /> Opinion No. 16/2008 (Turkey), 8 May 2008,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/272">http://wri-irg.org/node/272</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote5"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote5sym" href="#sdfootnote5anc" id="sdfootnote5sym">5</a>In<br /> its judgement in the case <font face="Liberation Sans, sans-serif"><i>Ü</i></font><font face="Liberation Sans"><i>lke<br /> v. Turkey</i></font><font face="Liberation Sans"> (39437/98) from 26<br /> January 2006, the court ruled in favour of </font><font face="Liberation Sans, sans-serif">Ü</font><font face="Liberation Sans">lke<br /> on the grounds of article 3 of the European Convention. However,<br /> regarding a violation of article 9, the court said in its judgement<br /> “</font><font face="Liberation Sans"><i>that it is not necessary<br /> to give a separate ruling on the complaints under Articles 5, 8 and<br /> 9 of the Convention</i></font><font face="Liberation Sans">” (see<br /></font><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/615"><font face="Liberation Sans">http://wri-irg.org/node/615</font></a><font face="Liberation Sans">).<br /></font><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote6"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote6sym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" id="sdfootnote6sym">6</a>Human<br /> Rights Committee, Concluding observations of the Human Rights<br /> Committee: UKRAINE, 28 November 2006,<br /><a href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/458/07/PDF/G0645807.pdf?OpenElement">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/458/07/PDF/G0645807.pdf?OpenElement</a>,<br /> accessed 8 January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote7"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote7sym" href="#sdfootnote7anc" id="sdfootnote7sym">7</a>Status<br /> of persons refusing service in military or police forces used to<br /> enforce apartheid, United Nations General Assembly resolution 33/165<br /> from 20 December 1978, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6428">http://wri-irg.org/node/6428</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote8"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote8sym" href="#sdfootnote8anc" id="sdfootnote8sym">8</a>Human<br /> Rights Committee: Concluding observations of the Human Rights<br /> Committee: CHILE, 18 May 2007, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6429">http://wri-irg.org/node/6429</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote9"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote9sym" href="#sdfootnote9anc" id="sdfootnote9sym">9</a>Commission<br /> on Human Rights: Conscientious objection to military service<br /> (Resolution 1998/77), 22 April 1998, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6136">http://wri-irg.org/node/6136</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote10"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote10sym" href="#sdfootnote10anc" id="sdfootnote10sym">10</a>European<br /> Parliament: Resolution on conscientious objection and alternative<br /> civilian service (Schmidbauer Resolution), 13 October 1989,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6376">http://wri-irg.org/node/6376</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote11"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote11sym" href="#sdfootnote11anc" id="sdfootnote11sym">11</a>European<br /> Parliament: Resolution on conscientious objection in the Member<br /> States of the Community (Bandrés Molet &amp; Bindi Resolution), 19<br /> June 1994, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6375">http://wri-irg.org/node/6375</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote12"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote12sym" href="#sdfootnote12anc" id="sdfootnote12sym">12</a>Parliamentary<br /> Assembly of the Council of Europe: Recommendation 1518 (2001), 23<br /> May 2001, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6379">http://wri-irg.org/node/6379</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote13"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote13sym" href="#sdfootnote13anc" id="sdfootnote13sym">13</a>Parliamentary<br /> Assembly of the Council of Europe: Human rights of members of the<br /> armed forces, Doc. 10861, 24 March 2006,<br /><a href="http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents?/WorkingDocs/Doc06/EDOC10861.htm">http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents?/WorkingDocs/Doc06/EDOC10861.htm</a>,<br /> accessed 9 January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote14"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote14sym" href="#sdfootnote14anc" id="sdfootnote14sym">14</a>United<br /> Nations Commission on Human Rights: Resolution 1998/77 from 22 April<br /> 1998, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6136">http://wri-irg.org/node/6136</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote15"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote15sym" href="#sdfootnote15anc" id="sdfootnote15sym">15</a>Concluding<br /> observations of the Human Rights Committee: GREECE, 25 April 2005,<br /><a href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CCPR.CO.83.GRC.En?OpenDocument">http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CCPR.CO.83.GRC.En?OpenDocument</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote16"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote16sym" href="#sdfootnote16anc" id="sdfootnote16sym">16</a>Frédéric<br /> Foin v. France, CCPR/C/67/D/666/1995, 9 November 1999,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6140">http://wri-irg.org/node/6140</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote17"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote17sym" href="#sdfootnote17anc" id="sdfootnote17sym">17</a>Commission<br /> on Human Rights: Conscientious objection to military service<br /> (Resolution 1998/77), 22 April 1998, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6136">http://wri-irg.org/node/6136</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote18"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote18sym" href="#sdfootnote18anc" id="sdfootnote18sym">18</a>Recommendation<br /> No. R(87)8 of the Committee of Ministers to member states regarding<br /> conscientious objection to compulsory military service, 9 April<br /> 1997, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6378">http://wri-irg.org/node/6378</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote19"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote19sym" href="#sdfootnote19anc" id="sdfootnote19sym">19</a>The<br /> Right to Conscientious Objection in Europe, Quaker Council for<br /> European Affairs, 2005,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/4302/revisions/4372/view">http://wri-irg.org/node/4302/revisions/4372/view</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote20"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote20sym" href="#sdfootnote20anc" id="sdfootnote20sym">20</a>European<br /> Committee of Social Rights: Conclusions 2008 – Volume 1 (Albania,<br /> Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia,<br /> Finland, France, Georgia, Ireland, Italy),<br /><a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote21"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote21sym" href="#sdfootnote21anc" id="sdfootnote21sym">21</a>European<br /> Committee of Social Rights: Conclusions 2008 – Volume 1 (Albania,<br /> Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia,<br /> Finland, France, Georgia, Ireland, Italy),<br /><a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote22"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote22sym" href="#sdfootnote22anc" id="sdfootnote22sym">22</a>European<br /> Committee of Social Rights: Conclusions XVIII-1 (Greece), Articles<br /> 1, 12, 13, 16 and 19 of the Charter, 2006,<br /><a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/State/GreeceXVIII1_en.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/State/GreeceXVIII1_en.pdf</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote23"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote23sym" href="#sdfootnote23anc" id="sdfootnote23sym">23</a>European<br /> Committee of Social Rights: Conclusions 2008 – Volume 1 (Albania,<br /> Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia,<br /> Finland, France, Georgia, Ireland, Italy),<br /><a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/Year/2008Vol1_en.pdf</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote24"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote24sym" href="#sdfootnote24anc" id="sdfootnote24sym">24</a>See<br /> for example: Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee:<br /> LITHUANIA, 4 May 2004, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6473">http://wri-irg.org/node/6473</a>;<br /> Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: FINLAND, 2<br /> December 2004,<br /><a href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/449/95/PDF/G0444995.pdf?OpenElement">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/449/95/PDF/G0444995.pdf?OpenElement</a>;<br /> Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: POLAND, 2</p> <p> December 2004,<br /><a href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/450/09/PDF/G0445009.pdf?OpenElement">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/450/09/PDF/G0445009.pdf?OpenElement</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote25"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote25sym" href="#sdfootnote25anc" id="sdfootnote25sym">25</a>Concluding<br /> observations of the Human Rights Committee: POLAND, 2 December 2004,<br /><a href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/450/09/PDF/G0445009.pdf?OpenElement">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/450/09/PDF/G0445009.pdf?OpenElement</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote26"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote26sym" href="#sdfootnote26anc" id="sdfootnote26sym">26</a>For<br /> an overview of the case, see <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/4053">http://wri-irg.org/node/4053</a>.</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote27"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote27sym" href="#sdfootnote27anc" id="sdfootnote27sym">27</a>Vorzeitige<br /> Entlassung von Grundwehrdienstleistenden (GWDL)/freiwilligen<br /> zusätzlichen Wehrdienst Leistenden (FWDL) gemäß § 29 Abs. 1 Satz<br /> 3 Nr. 5 und Abs. 4 Nr. 2 des Wehrpflichtgesetzes,<br /><a href="http://www.kampagne.de/Recht/Dokumente/TKDV_Erlass.php">http://www.kampagne.de/Recht/Dokumente/TKDV_Erlass.php</a>,<br /> accessed 14 January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote28"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote28sym" href="#sdfootnote28anc" id="sdfootnote28sym">28</a>See<br /> also Human Rights Committee: General Comment 32 on Article 14,<br /> CCPR/C/GC/32, 23 August 2007,<br /><a href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/437/71/PDF/G0743771.pdf?OpenElement">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/437/71/PDF/G0743771.pdf?OpenElement</a>;<br /> United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention: OPINION No.<br /> 24/2003 (ISRAEL), 28 November 2003, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/6481">http://wri-irg.org/node/6481</a>,<br /> OPINION No. 36/1999 (TURKEY), 2 December 1999,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/1600">http://wri-irg.org/node/1600</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote29"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote29sym" href="#sdfootnote29anc" id="sdfootnote29sym">29</a>An<br /> overview of the case is available at <a href="http://wri-irg.org/node/5017">http://wri-irg.org/node/5017</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote30"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote30sym" href="#sdfootnote30anc" id="sdfootnote30sym">30</a>War<br /> Resisters' International: Conscientious objection to military<br /> service in Greece: Human Rights shortfalls, 1 February 2005,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/news/2005/greece05a-en.htm">http://wri-irg.org/news/2005/greece05a-en.htm</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote31"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote31sym" href="#sdfootnote31anc" id="sdfootnote31sym">31</a>Emails<br /> Alexia Tsouni, Association of Greek Conscientious Objectors, 15<br /> January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote32"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote32sym" href="#sdfootnote32anc" id="sdfootnote32sym">32</a>Aanwijzing<br /> inzake Gewetensbezwaren militaire dienst, 1 January 1994,<br /><a href="http://mpbundels.mindef.nl/31_serie/31_112/31_112_1150.htm">http://mpbundels.mindef.nl/31_serie/31_112/31_112_1150.htm</a>,<br /> accessed 15 January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote33"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote33sym" href="#sdfootnote33anc" id="sdfootnote33sym">33</a>Information<br /> provided by the Netherlands Ministry of Defence, November 2004,<br /> referenced in Quaker Council for European Affairs: The Right to<br /> Conscientious Objection in Europe, 2005,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/co/rtba/netherlands.htm">http://wri-irg.org/co/rtba/netherlands.htm</a>,<br /> accessed 11 August 2008.</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote34"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote34sym" href="#sdfootnote34anc" id="sdfootnote34sym">34</a>War<br /> Resisters' International: World Survey Conscientious Objection and<br /> Recruitment, Netherlands, 23 October 2008,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/programmes/world_survey/reports/Netherlands">http://wri-irg.org/programmes/world_survey/reports/Netherlands</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote35"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote35sym" href="#sdfootnote35anc" id="sdfootnote35sym">35</a>Antwort<br /> des Parlamentarischen Staatssekretärs Thomas Kossendey, 9 May 2007:<br /> Kriegsdienstverweigerung – Antragstellungen von Soldaten seit 2001<br /> nach Statusgruppen und insgesamt,<br /><a href="http://dip.bundestag.de/btd/16/053/1605317.pdf">http://dip.bundestag.de/btd/16/053/1605317.pdf</a>,<br /> accessed 15 January 2009</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote36"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote36sym" href="#sdfootnote36anc" id="sdfootnote36sym">36</a>Notes<br /> on the acquittal of a German military officer who refused to carry<br /> out a military order in connection with the Iraq War,<br /><a href="http://wri-irg.org/news/2006/pfaff-en.htm">http://wri-irg.org/news/2006/pfaff-en.htm</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote37"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote37sym" href="#sdfootnote37anc" id="sdfootnote37sym">37</a>Numbers<br /> have been obtained under the Freedom of Information Act by War<br /> Resisters' International, and also by the Quakers. However, these<br /> numbers do not add up. According to the information obtained by War<br /> Resisters' International, only six individuals (3 RAF personnel, 3<br /> Navy personnel) have applied for discharge on the grounds of<br /> conscientious objection since 2000. Of these cases, five were<br /> successful (3 RAF personnel, 2 Navy personnel). It is interesting<br /> that according to information obtained by David Gee in March 2007,<br /> from April 2001 to March 2006 there had been four successful<br /> applications, all from Air Force personnel, and none for the Navy or<br /> Army.</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote38"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote38sym" href="#sdfootnote38anc" id="sdfootnote38sym">38</a>Mohisin<br /> Khan v RAF, [2004] EWHC (2230), paragraph 57,<br /><a href="http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/judgmentsfiles/j2822/khan-v-raf.htm">http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/judgmentsfiles/j2822/khan-v-raf.htm</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote39"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote39sym" href="#sdfootnote39anc" id="sdfootnote39sym">39</a>At<br /> least 1,000 UK soldiers desert, BBC News, 28 May 2006,<br /><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5024104.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5024104.stm</a>,<br /> accessed 1 October 2008</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote40"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote40sym" href="#sdfootnote40anc" id="sdfootnote40sym">40</a>SAS<br /> man quits in protest at 'illegal' Iraq war, The Guardian, 13 March<br /> 2006, <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1729553,00.html">http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1729553,00.html</a>,<br /> accessed 1 October 2008</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote41"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote41sym" href="#sdfootnote41anc" id="sdfootnote41sym">41</a>RAF<br /> doctor jailed over Iraq refusal, The Guardian, 13 April 2006,<br /><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1753241,00.html">http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1753241,00.html</a>,<br /> accessed 1 October 2008</p><br /></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--upload--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--upload--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--upload.html.twig * field--default--upload--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--upload.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--upload--story.html.twig * field--node--upload.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--upload.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-upload field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Attached file</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/file/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="https://wri-irg.org/sites/default/files/public_files/PresentationSEDE22012009.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=226333" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom">PresentationSEDE22012009.pdf</a></span><span class="file-size">221.03 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/file/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-programmes-projects--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Programmes &amp; Projects</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/1" hreflang="en">Right to Refuse to Kill</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/92" hreflang="en">United Kingdom</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/173" hreflang="en">Sweden</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/201" hreflang="en">Spain (State of)</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/167" hreflang="en">Slovenia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/255" hreflang="en">Slovakia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/130" hreflang="en">Romania</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/116" hreflang="en">Portugal</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/214" hreflang="en">Poland</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/192" hreflang="en">Netherlands</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/221" hreflang="en">Malta</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/200" hreflang="en">Luxembourg</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/245" hreflang="en">Lithuania</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/97" hreflang="en">Liechtenstein</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/246" hreflang="en">Latvia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/112" hreflang="en">Italy</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/269" hreflang="en">Ireland</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/259" hreflang="en">Hungary</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/122" hreflang="en">Greece</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/101" hreflang="en">Germany</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/123" hreflang="en">France</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/155" hreflang="en">Finland</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/244" hreflang="en">Estonia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/199" hreflang="en">Denmark</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/267" hreflang="en">Czech Republic</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/238" hreflang="en">Cyprus</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/222" hreflang="en">Bulgaria</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/166" hreflang="en">Belgium</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/113" hreflang="en">Austria</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Conscientious objection</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-institutions--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-institutions.html.twig * field--expert--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-institutions.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--node--field-institutions.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-institutions.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Institutions</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/48" hreflang="en">European Union (EU)</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=6484&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="jG2CkznV3BAHXItAtDHo4BB_14QSa60X7qKNjYUysW8"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Thu, 15 Jan 2009 13:15:20 +0000 warresisters 6484 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2009/conscientious-objection-legal-practices-and-frameworks-among-eu-member-states#comments European Committee of Social Rights: Conclusions 2008 (Romania) https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2008/european-committee-social-rights-conclusions-2008-romania <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--20966.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="20966" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 01 Dec 2008</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Service required to replace military service</p> <p>In its previous conclusions, the Committee found that the situation was not in conformity because alternative service lasted 24 months instead of 12 and this was excessive. It took the view that the additional 12 months during which the persons concerned were deprived of the right to earn a living through freely undertaken work went beyond reasonable limits in relation to the length of military service. The Committee notes that, under Act No. 446/2006, which came into force on 1 January 2007, the length of alternative service is now to be set by a Government decision. According to the report, it is planned to set this at twelve months.<br /> Admittedly, recognised conscientious objectors are in a better position than they are in countries that do not grant them special status or where refusal to serve is punishable by imprisonment. But even if the state acknowledges the principle of conscientious objection and institutes a replacement service, it cannot make the replacement service longer than is necessary to ensure that refusal to serve on grounds of conscience is genuine, in order to avoid the replacement service being chosen as the most advantageous solution rather than felt as a constraint.<br /> The Committee considers that, this reform will enable Romania to be in conformity with Article 1§2 of the Revised Charter on this point. However, the situation was not in conformity with the Revised Charter during the reference period. It asks, however, for the next report to indicate when the law has come into force.</p> <p>(...)</p> <p>Source: <a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/State/Romania2008_en.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/State/Ro…</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/130" hreflang="en">Romania</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Conscientious objection</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">International Law</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-institutions--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-institutions.html.twig * field--expert--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-institutions.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--node--field-institutions.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-institutions.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Institutions</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/454" hreflang="en">European Committee of Social Rights</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=20966&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="m63BOm3UAPsftGgknA3O23SBZ-yOrA6ktZJ9TS6uQmY"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Mon, 01 Dec 2008 00:00:00 +0000 warresisters 20966 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2008/european-committee-social-rights-conclusions-2008-romania#comments Romania https://wri-irg.org/en/programmes/world_survey/reports/Romania <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--4319.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="4319" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 23 Oct 2008</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p></p><h4>Issues</h4><br /><ul><br /><li>Romania abolished conscription in 2007. It is unclear whether the right to conscientious objection is recognised for professional soldiers.</li><br /><li>With the change of the constitution to abolish conscription, also the provisions for a<br /> substitute service for conscientious objectors have been abolished.</li><br /></ul><br /><h4>Military recruitment</h4><br /><h5>Conscription</h5><br /><p>Romania abolished conscription in peacetime in 2007, based on law 395/2005 “<i>regarding the suspension of conscription during peacetime and the transition to a voluntary military service</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote1anc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" id="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>.</p><br /><p>However, conscription can be easily introduced in times of war or an emergency. According to Article 55 of the Romanian constitution, “<i>citizens have the right and duty to defend Romania</i>” and “<i>may be conscripted from the age of 20 up to the age of 35</i>”<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote2anc" href="#sdfootnote2sym" id="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a>.</p><br /><p>According to the law, Romanian male citizens still have to report to the military authorities upon<br /> turning 18, to register and for the establishment of their abilities in case of the reintroduction of conscription as outlined in Article 3 of the law.</p><br /><h5>Professional soldiers</h5><br /><p>The Romanian Armed Forces recruit professional soldiers based on Law 384/2006 “<i>on the status of voluntary soldiers</i>”. According to the law, volunteers initially sign a contract for up to four years, which can be extended by two or three years up to a maximum age of 40<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote3anc" href="#sdfootnote3sym" id="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a>.</p><br /><h4>Conscientious objection</h4><br /><h5>Conscientious objection for conscripts</h5><br /><p>Until 2007, when Romania still had conscription in peacetime, Romania recognised the right to<br /> conscientious objection for conscripts. The right to conscientious objection was regulated by the 1996 Law on the Preparation of the Population for Defence (1996/46) and the 1997 Government Decree 'As regards the way of execution of the alternative service law according to the provision of Article 4 from Law 46/1996' (618/1997).</p><br /><p>Only religious grounds for conscientious objection were legally recognised. According to Article<br /> 4 of the 1996 Law: "<i>Citizens who, for religious reasons, refuse military service under arms shall perform alternative utilitarian service, according to present law</i>". The grounds<br /> for recognition were further restricted by Article 6.3 of the 1997 Government Decree, which stated that the right to conscientious objection only applies to "<i>members of religious groups that<br /> do not allow the discharge of military service under arms</i>".</p><br /><p>The religious groups concerned were named in a list that is made by the State Secretariat for Religious Denominations. The list includes the Pentecostals, Adventists, Baptists, Seventh Day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses.</p><br /><p>There also was a strict time limit for submitting CO applications. Applications had to be made within 15 days of receiving call-up papers. Applications could thus not be made by serving conscripts or reservists<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote4anc" href="#sdfootnote4sym" id="sdfootnote4anc"><sup>4</sup></a>.</p><br /><p>With the revision of the constitution by Law 429/2003 the relevant article dealing with substitute service has been abolished.</p><br /><h5>Conscientious objection for professional soldiers</h5><br /><p>It is not clear what regulations apply for the conscientious objection of voluntary soldiers. Before conscription was suspended in peacetime, serving conscripts, professional soldiers, and reservists had no right to conscientious objection.</p><br /><p>According to the Romanian Embassy London, a “<i>voluntary soldier can cancel the contract at any time by resignation</i>”. However, if a soldier has attended professional training programmes that lasted more than 90 days, and they wish to leave before two years after completion of the training, then the costs of these trainings have to be paid back<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote5anc" href="#sdfootnote5sym" id="sdfootnote5anc"><sup>5</sup></a><br /> – making it almost impossible to leave prematurely.</p><br /><h4>Draft evasion and desertion</h4><br /><h5>penalties</h5><br /><p>The offence of desertion as stipulated and sanctioned in Article 332 of the Penal Code is<br /> applicable to any member of the armed forces absent without any reason from his military unit or duty for more than three days. The action is punished with prison from 1 to 7 years (Law 80/1995 on the Military Personnel Status). The commander of the specific military unit must initiate penal action against an individual. However, penalties depend on the circumstances (alleviating or aggravating). In the case of desertion, if the absence is strongly motivated by objective reasons, this can be used to defend the accused<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote6anc" href="#sdfootnote6sym" id="sdfootnote6anc"><sup>6</sup></a>.</p> <p></p><h5>Notes</h5><br /><div id="sdfootnote1"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote1sym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" id="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>Embassy<br /> of Romania: Response to War Resisters' International, 28 February<br /> 2008, TL-1078</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote2"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote2sym" href="#sdfootnote2anc" id="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>Constitution<br /> of Romania 1991, as revised by Law 429/2003.<br /><a href="http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?id=339&amp;idl=2">http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?id=339&amp;idl=2</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote3"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote3sym" href="#sdfootnote3anc" id="sdfootnote3sym">3</a>Ministry<br /> of Defence of Romania, Press Release 497, “<i>Opportunities for<br /> the military profession</i>”, 29 November 2007,<br /><a href="http://english.mapn.ro/cpresa/nou.php?id=1769">http://english.mapn.ro/cpresa/nou.php?id=1769</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote4"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote4sym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" id="sdfootnote4sym">4</a>Quaker<br /> Council for European Affairs, The Right to Conscientious Objection<br /> in Europe, Quaker Council for European Affairs, 2005,<br /><a href="http://www.quaker.org/qcea/coreport/index.html">http://www.quaker.org/qcea/coreport/index.html</a><br /></p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote5"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote5sym" href="#sdfootnote5anc" id="sdfootnote5sym">5</a>Embassy<br /> of Romania: Response to War Resisters' International, 28 February<br /> 2008, TL-1078</p><br /></div><br /><div id="sdfootnote6"><br /><p class="sdfootnote-western"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote6sym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" id="sdfootnote6sym">6</a>Home<br /> Office: Romania. Country Report, 2004. Country Information and<br /> Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate,<br /><a href="http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/panja1_02784rom.pdf">http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/panja1_02784rom.pdf</a><br /></p><br /></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--upload--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--upload--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--upload.html.twig * field--default--upload--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--upload.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--upload--story.html.twig * field--node--upload.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--upload.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-upload field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Attached file</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/file/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="https://wri-irg.org/sites/default/files/public_files/Rrtk-update-2008-romania.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=134738" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom">Rrtk-update-2008-romania.pdf</a></span><span class="file-size">131.58 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/file/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/130" hreflang="en">Romania</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Conscientious objection</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=4319&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="LoKvICFk0ASqCPaRlhRPKu3_f8Nbz0aDE6POYO1gZRE"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Thu, 23 Oct 2008 00:00:00 +0000 warresisters 4319 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/programmes/world_survey/reports/Romania#comments European Committee of Social Rights: Conclusions 2006 (Romania) https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2007/european-committee-social-rights-conclusions-2006-romania <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--20971.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="20971" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 14 Mar 2007</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Service to replace military service</p> <p>In its previous conclusions, the Committee considered that the situation was not in conformity because the length of the alternative service to military service, 24 months instead of 12, was excessive. It took the view that the additional 12 months, during which the persons concerned were deprived of the right to earn a living through freely undertaken work, went beyond reasonable limits in relation to the length of military service.<br /> There has been no change to this situation therefore the Committee concludes that the situation is not in conformity with the Revised Charter in this respect.</p> <p>(...)</p> <p>Source: <a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/State/Romania2006_en.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Conclusions/State/Ro…</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/130" hreflang="en">Romania</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Conscientious objection</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">International Law</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-institutions--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-institutions.html.twig * field--expert--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-institutions.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-institutions--story.html.twig * field--node--field-institutions.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-institutions.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Institutions</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/454" hreflang="en">European Committee of Social Rights</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=20971&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="d9xPMNaeP474HKxIRObCdFMp7oconYTGTMbTSu8AZlY"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Wed, 14 Mar 2007 00:00:00 +0000 warresisters 20971 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2007/european-committee-social-rights-conclusions-2006-romania#comments Romania: End of conscription https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2006/romania-end-conscription <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--988.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="988" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 01 Dec 2006</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p></p><p>Romania is the latest country which finally ended conscription. The transformation into fully professionalised forces in order to comply with NATO standards had been planned for some time. Since the 1990s, the size of the Romanian armed forces and the number of conscripts had been reduced significantly. In 2003 the Constitution was in fact amended in order to allow for the abolition of conscription. This was finally decided in 2005, and on 23 October 2006 the Romanian military was finally transformed into a “fully professional force”.</p><br /><p><i>Sources:</i> Romania follows suit - conscription to be abolished on 1 January 2007, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/pubs/upd-0511.htm">CO-Update No 15</a>, November 2005, Romania Ends Conscription, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, <a href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/10/07a43b93-badf-42e8-8548-b3748741184d.html">23 October 2006</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/130" hreflang="en">Romania</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Conscientious objection</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=988&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="2cXXAOLtbIwnu0otIH0Kbpjvd8RjEu_38brhCt2vvIk"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Fri, 01 Dec 2006 00:00:00 +0000 warresisters 988 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2006/romania-end-conscription#comments Romania follows suit - conscription to be abolished on 1 January 2007 https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2005/romania-follows-suit-conscription-be-abolished-1-january-2007 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--784.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="784" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 01 Nov 2005</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p></p><p>Romania is the next country in South-East Europe to follow the trend to end conscription. In Romania too this is part of a project to modernise the military, and has little to do with disarmament. According to a report by the <a href="http://www.iwpr.net"><i>Institute for War and Peace Reporting</i></a> (IWPR), Bucharest has agreed to transform its army from a Wassaw Pact mammoth into a lean, mobile force that is compatible with NATO's needs. Romania joined NATO in 2004, and also has troops in Iraq as part of the Coalition of the Willing. As of July 2005, the country had 863 troops in Iraq. The country also took part in military "peace" missions in Kosovo and Afghanistan.</p> <p></p><p>Although the size of the Armed Forces shrunk from 235,000 in 1994 to less than 100,000 now and is expected to shrink further to 75,000 by the end of next year, this cannot be said of the military budget. Defence spending has risen to 2.4 per cent of GDP per year (around 1 billion US dollars) for the last five years, even more than NATO's unofficial minimum level of 2.0 per cent.</p> <p></p><p><i>Source</i>: <a href="http://www.iwpr.net">Institute for War &amp; Peace Reporting</a>: <a href="http://www.iwpr.net/index.pl?archive/bcr3/bcr3_200509_577_3_eng.txt">Balkan Crisis Report No 577</a>, 30 September 2005</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/130" hreflang="en">Romania</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Conscientious objection</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=784&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="f_STXeLfGBagjgfjmPsW03dzYNW2a86q9YepPzQ9GoY"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Tue, 01 Nov 2005 00:00:00 +0000 warresisters 784 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2005/romania-follows-suit-conscription-be-abolished-1-january-2007#comments The Right to Conscientious Objection to Military Service in selected member states of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe https://wri-irg.org/en/co/osce-rep.htm <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--5002.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="5002" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 11 Jul 2003</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><!--break--><p></p><h2>Report to the<br /><br /> OSCE Supplementary Meeting on Freedom of Religion or Belief<br /><br /> 17-18 July 2003, Hofburg, Vienna</h2> <p> </p><h3>Compiled by Andreas Speck and Kasper Jon Larsen</h3> <p> </p><p style="font-weight: bold">Submitted by:</p> <p> </p><p>War Resisters' International<br /><br /> 5 Caledonian Rd, London N1 9DX, Britain<br /><br /> Tel +44-20-7278 4040, Fax +44-20-7278 0444<br /><br /> info@wri-irg.org http://wri-irg.org</p> <p> </p><h2>Countries covered in this report</h2> <p> </p><ul><br /><li><a href="#Heading6">Armenia</a></li> <p> </p><li><br /><a href="#Heading7">Azerbaijan</a> <p> </p><ul><br /><li><a href="#Heading8">Nagorno Karabakh</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li> <p> </p><li><a href="#Heading9">Britain (United Kingdom)</a></li> <p> </p><li><a href="#Heading10">Finland</a></li> <p> </p><li><br /><a href="#Heading11">Georgia</a> <p> </p><ul><br /><li><a href="#Heading12">Abkhazia</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li> <p> </p><li><a href="#Heading13">Greece</a></li> <p> </p><li><a href="#Heading14">Romania</a></li> <p> </p><li><a href="#Heading15">Serbia and Montenegro</a></li> <p> </p><li><a href="#Heading16">Turkmenistan</a></li> <p> </p><li><a href="#Heading17">United States of America</a></li><br /></ul><p> </p><h2><a name="Heading5" id="Heading5">Introduction</a></h2> <p> </p><p>The right to conscientious objection is derived from Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and seen as a manifestation of the freedom of religion and belief. The then CSCE stressed the right to conscientious objection in paragraph 18 of the Document of the Copenhagen meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension in June 1990.The UN Commission on Human Rights stressed the right to conscientious objection in several resolution, most recently Resolution 1998/77, 2000/34, 2002/45. The Council of Europe also stresses the right to conscientious objection, especially in resolution 337 (1967) and recommendations 1518 (2001), R (87) 8, and 816 (1977).</p> <p> </p><p>In its resolution 1998/77, the UN Commission on Human Rights <i>"(...) Draws attention to the right of everyone to have conscientious objections to military service as a legitimate exercise of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, as laid down in article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" and "calls upon States that do not have such a system to establish independent and impartial decision-making bodies with the task of determining whether a conscientious objection is genuinely held in a specific case, taking account of the requirement not to discriminate between conscientious objectors on the basis of the nature of their particular beliefs;</i></p> <p> </p><p style="font-style: italic">4. Reminds States with a system of compulsory military service, where such provision has not already been made, of its recommendation that they provide for conscientious objectors various forms of alternative service which are compatible with the reasons for conscientious objection, of a non-combatant or civilian character, in the public interest and not of a punitive nature".</p> <p> </p><p>The Commission also "<i>affirms the importance of the availability of information about the right to conscientious</i> <i>objection to military service, and the means of acquiring conscientious objector status, to all persons affected by military service</i>".</p> <p> </p><p>In this report, War Resisters' International draws attention to the situation regarding the right to conscientious objection in a number of OSCE member states. Unfortunately, most of the states covered in this report do not meet the standards set by the UN Commission on Human Rights.</p> <p> </p><p>War Resisters' International is especially concerned about</p> <p> </p><ul><br /><li>the absence of any right to conscientious objection in a number of OSCE member states, especially Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkmenistan, and the imprisonment of conscientious objectors in these countries.</li> <p> </p><li>The limitation of the right to conscientious objection to members of certain religious groups, or to religious reasons. This applies to the draft laws in Armenia and Azerbaijan, and the existing laws in Georgia and Romania.</li> <p> </p><li>The discrimination against conscientious objectors in a number of OSCE member states in terms of length and conditions of substitute service. This is especially the case in Greece, Finland, and Romania.</li> <p> </p><li>The unavailability of information on the right to conscientious objection to members of Armed Forces, who voluntarily joined the army, and the practice of dealing with CO applications during the war on Iraq, especially in Britain and the United States of America.</li><br /></ul><p> </p><p>This report highlights the situation in selected member states of the OSCE. It updates some of the information provided in WRI's 1998 World Survey "<i>Refusing to bear arms. A World Survey on Conscription and Conscientious Objection to Military Service.</i>" The fact that some countries are not covered by this report should not lead to the conclusion that there are no problems regarding the right to conscientious objection in these countries.</p> <p> </p><p>This reports includes the situation on the ground in some disputed territories within member states of the OSCE. In referring to de-facto authorities there, War Resisters' International does not take any position regarding the legal status of these territories. War Resisters' International's only concern is the respect for and recognition of the right to conscientious objection.</p> <p> </p><p>London, 11 July 2003</p> <p> </p><h2><a name="Heading6" id="Heading6">Armenia</a></h2> <p> </p><p>[09 July 2003]</p> <p> </p><p>Although Armenia is obliged to pass a law on conscientious objection because of its acceptance to the Council of Europe, such a law has not been passed yet. Armenia continues to imprison conscientious objectors for periods of up to 3 years. Most of those sent to prison are members of the religious community of the Jehovah's Witnesses. At the time of writing, War Resisters' International is aware of at least 32 imprisoned Jehovah's Witnesses. On 2 July, Araik Bedjanyan was sentenced to 1½ years in a labour camp for "evasion of active military service", and on 2 July two other Jehovah's Witnesses were arrested in Yerevan, and are now imprisoned in Nubarashen Labour Camp, awaiting to be tried for conscientious objection<a name="fnB0" href="#fn0" id="fnB0">[1]</a>. This is in breach of Armenia's obligations, as expressed in Opinion 221 (2000) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe<a name="fnB1" href="#fn1" id="fnB1">[2]</a>, and accepted by Armenia.</p> <p> </p><p>Although Armenia partly fulfilled one of its obligations by passing an amnesty for imprisoned conscientious objectors in June 2001 - shortly after it was accepted to the Council of Europe - it continues to imprison conscientious objectors. The Council of Europe stated clearly that Armenia is obliged "<i>in the meantime, to pardon all conscientious objectors sentenced to prison terms or service in disciplinary battalions, allowing them instead to choose, when the law on alternative service has come into force to perform non-armed military service or alternative civilian service</i>"<a name="fnB2" href="#fn2" id="fnB2">[3]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>According to official statistics of the Ministry of Justice, 90 young men were sentenced on the charge of avoiding conscription in 2000, 75 in 2001, and 42 in the fist half of 2002<a name="fnB3" href="#fn3" id="fnB3">[4]</a>. These figures show that the problem goes beyond just Jehovah's Witnesses.</p> <p> </p><p>The draft law on alternative service, which was presented in May 2003, would not improve the situation, it does not meet the standards set out in Council of Europe Recommendation 87 and UN Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1998/77. According to this draft, alternative service would be 48 months, compared with 24 months military service, and therefore would need to be seen as punitive in length. In addition, any alternative service would be unarmed service within the military, thus not genuine civilian. Article 14 of the draft law refers to an "oath of faith before the state flag of the Republic of Armenia", which also might not be consistent with the reasons for conscientious objection.</p> <p> </p><p>Only members of registered religious organisations would be eligible for conscientious objection, which would not only rule out members of the Jehovah's Witnesses (as they cannot get registered in Armenia)<a name="fnB4" href="#fn4" id="fnB4">[5]</a>, but also conscientious objectors for non-religious reasons. In addition, the religious beliefs of the official religion need to be in conflict with military service<a name="fnB6" href="#fn6" id="fnB6">[6]</a>, which might be a problem for pacifist members of the Armenian Orthodox Church or of other churches, which as church don't oppose military service.</p> <p> </p><p>War Resisters' International sent out several co-alerts in cases of imprisonment of Armenian conscientious objectors, and included a number of Armenian conscientious objectors in its annual "Prisoners for Peace Honour Roll"<a name="fnB6" href="#fn6" id="fnB6">[7]</a>.</p> <p> </p><h2><a name="Heading7" id="Heading7">Azerbaijan</a></h2> <p> </p><p>[08 July 2003]</p> <p> </p><p>The right to perform alternative military service on grounds of belief is included in the Azeri 1995 Constitution. Yet decrees regulating alternative military service never have been implemented.</p> <p> </p><p>Due to its Council of Europe membership, Azerbaijan was obliged to introduce the right to conscientious objection within 2 years (by 2003)<a name="fnB7" href="#fn7" id="fnB7">[8]</a>. As a first step an amendment to the Constitution replacing the former phrase of "alternative military service" by "alternative service" is in force since a referendum in August 2002, and a new law on alternative service is going to be passed, but this has been delayed for quite a while now. It is hoped that the law will be passed during the next session of parliament in autumn 2003<a name="fnB8" href="#fn8" id="fnB8">[9]</a>. Detailed information about the envisaged service isn't available so far and it isn't certain that the law will be implemented soon. It has to be feared that conscientious objection will be limited to certain religious communities, and non-religious reasons for conscientious objection might not be seen as valid<a name="fnB9" href="#fn9" id="fnB9">[10]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>At the moment there are no cases of imprisoned COs, and investigations against two Jehovah's Witnesses have been stopped because of the legal changes. Most individuals who have a conscientious objection to military service try to avoid conscription altogether through bribing military officials and getting exempted on medical grounds. Members of some Christian groups avoid conscription by migrating to Russia.</p> <p> </p><p>However, about 2,600 deserters and draft evaders are in prison but nothing is known about their reasons of avoiding military service<a name="fnB11" href="#fn11" id="fnB11">[11]</a>.</p> <p> </p><h3><a name="Heading8" id="Heading8">Nagorno Karabakh</a></h3> <p> </p><p>Nagorno Karabakh is a part of Azerbaijan, but proclaimed its independence and is closely linked to Armenia. It maintains its own conscription system, and it is not known whether any form of conscientious objection is recognised. A new decree on conscription was signed by the President of Nagorno Karabakh, Arkady Ghoukassia, on 17 April 2003<a name="fnB11" href="#fn11" id="fnB11">[12]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>There are reports of imprisonment of conscientious objectors in the past years. Vladimir Kiroian and Edgar Bagdasarian, who had been convicted to custodial sentences charged with ''evasion of military development call-up'' in the first half of 2001, had reportedly been released by the end of 2001. When sentencing the two men and their co-defendant, Vladimir Osipian, who received a suspended sentence of one year, Shushinsky District court reportedly did not take into account that they had previously served in the army and were refusing only to attend a one-day military refresher course for reasons of conscience<a name="fnB12" href="#fn12" id="fnB12">[13]</a>.</p> <p> </p><h2><a name="Heading9" id="Heading9">Britain (United Kingdom)</a></h2> <p> </p><p>[08 July 2003]</p> <p> </p><p>Although Britain does not have conscription, in principle it recognises the right to conscientious objection for members of Her Majesty's Armed Forces. However, the regulations governing this right are not publicly known, and they differ slightly for the different branches of the Armed Forces. To WRI's knowledge, Instruction No 6 [D/DM(A) 7/5/3(M1(A))] governs the procedure for the British Army<a name="fnB13" href="#fn13" id="fnB13">[14]</a>. The regulations for the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force are not known.</p> <p> </p><p>Especially during the recent war against Iraq, the fact that these regulations were not known could have lead to soldiers not making use of their right to conscientious objection.</p> <p> </p><p>In February 2003, War Resisters' International wrote to the Ministry of Defence, asking for copies of the regulations on conscientious objection<a name="fnB14" href="#fn14" id="fnB14">[15]</a>. So far, War Resisters' International did not receive any reply.</p> <p> </p><p>The fact that the regulations governing the right to conscientious objection are not publicly accessible is a violation of UN CHR Resolution 1998/77, which affirmed "<i>...the importance of the availability of information about the right to conscientious objection to military service, and the means of acquiring conscientious objectors status, to all persons affected by military service.</i>" The same is valid for Council of Europe Recommendation R (87) 8.</p> <p> </p><h2><a name="Heading10" id="Heading10">Finland</a></h2> <p> </p><p>[10 July 2003]</p> <p> </p><p>Since 1992 substitute service for COs has been thirteen months, which is discriminatory twice the period served in military service. COs undertake a five weeks preparation course where also CO groups may give lectures. By law COs in substitute service have the same rights to free accommodation and allowance for personal expenditure, as those in military service, but such obligations are being neglected in the majority of cases<a name="fnB15" href="#fn15" id="fnB15">[16]</a>. This is especially worrying as most COs serve within the civilian service system, which could give the impression of punitive neglect. Total objectors are usually sentenced to 197 days of unconditional prison regardless of whether or not they have informed the authorities of their objection to any kind of service. Non-applicants may risk a conditional sentence between 30 and 40 days on charges of desertion. Once released from prison, total objectors are not called up for military service again. Draft evasion is punished by fine and a new call-up, which has led some into a repeating circle of fines and call-ups, if they refuse to comply<a name="fnB16" href="#fn16" id="fnB16">[17]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>While some people become total objectors as they view substitute service as a way of punishment, others are known to have done so due to its discriminatory length such as Andras Lahdelma, who refused to continue serving after eight months. WRI called for Mr. Lahdelma's immediate release when he was imprisoned for 77 days last year<a name="fnB17" href="#fn17" id="fnB17">[18]</a>. As of July 1, eighteen people were known to be imprisoned for total objection<a name="fnB18" href="#fn18" id="fnB18">[19]</a> with an estimated 70 cases in 2002<a name="fnB19" href="#fn19" id="fnB19">[20]</a>. The case of Jussi Hermaja is of special interest. Mr. Hermaja fled from Finland to Belgium in October 2001 to apply for asylum after he was sentenced to prison for his total objection in July 2001. As the only country within the European Union, which accepts asylum applicants from other EU member states, the Belgian authorities had to rule on whether Mr. Hermaja could obtain asylum on grounds of being persecuted for his beliefs<a name="fnB20" href="#fn20" id="fnB20">[21]</a>. His application was rejected by both the Foreigners Department and the Commissariat-General for Refugees, and he therefore still risks imprisonment in Finland<a name="fnB21" href="#fn21" id="fnB21">[22]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>Both the extended substitute service time and economical discrimination of COs are clearly in breach with UN resolutions and the 1987 Council of Europe recommendation regarding CO<a name="fnB22" href="#fn22" id="fnB22">[23]</a>. To imprison total objectors solely due to their belief could also be said to be against the UN Declaration on Human Rights, which declares that all states should prevent the judicial system from forcing people to change their conviction<a name="fnB23" href="#fn23" id="fnB23">[24]</a>. The same applies for economical neglect, which could lead some to do military service instead of substitute service, if they face severe economical hardship.</p> <p> </p><h2><a name="Heading11" id="Heading11">Georgia</a></h2> <p> </p><p>[08 July 2003]</p> <p> </p><p>Although different laws on substitute service have been passed since 1991, none has been implemented. The latest Law on Civilian Alternative Service, passed in 1997, also does not meet the Council of Europe standards. The length of the envisaged substitute service is 36 months<a name="fnB24" href="#fn24" id="fnB24">[25]</a>, compared to 18 months military service<a name="fnB25" href="#fn25" id="fnB25">[26]</a>, and therefore needs to be considered of punitive length. Only religious reasons are accepted<a name="fnB26" href="#fn26" id="fnB26">[27]</a>. In addition, the substitute service is probably not completely civilian.</p> <p> </p><p>In practice no impartial decision-making procedures for applying for substitute service have been established yet, although already in May 2000 more than 300 people<a name="fnB27" href="#fn27" id="fnB27">[28]</a> had requested arrangements for alternative service. The Ministry of Social Affairs did fail to set up a department to run the substitute service, and there are reports that the Ministry is torn apart owing to internal debates over the issue<a name="fnB28" href="#fn28" id="fnB28">[29]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>During recent years, Georgian authorities often did not call up Jehovah's Witnesses in order to avoid open conscientious objection. As most young men don't want to serve - mainly because of the poor conditions within the army - the number of Jehovah's Witnesses in Georgia has increased rapidly.</p> <p> </p><p>According to the Ministry of Defence, there were 167 draft evaders and deserters in prison in September 2002<a name="fnB29" href="#fn29" id="fnB29">[30]</a>, but it is not clear if any of them had a conscientious objection to military service.</p> <p> </p><p>The Georgian Law on Civilian Alternative Service does not meet up to the standards set out in Council of Europe Recommendation 87, and UN Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1998/77. The length of substitute service has to be considered punitive, and the limitation to religious reasons violates the human rights of non-religious conscientious objectors. In addition, conscientious objection is not available in practice yet.</p> <p> </p><h3><a name="Heading12" id="Heading12">Abkhazia</a></h3> <p> </p><p>The 1994 Constitution of the self-declared republic of Abkhazia, which isn't internationally recognised but regarded as a Georgian region, does not include the right to an alternative to military service, and in spite of discussions about a law on a civilian substitute service in 2001 there have been no further developments.</p> <p> </p><p>Between 1995 and 2000, at least 30 Jehovah's Witnesses have been imprisoned for refusing to serve in the army, one of them being still in prison in December 2001.</p> <p> </p><h2><a name="Heading13" id="Heading13">Greece</a></h2> <p> </p><p>[10 July 2003]</p> <p> </p><p>An amendment to the constitution in 2000, recognises CO status on non-religious grounds. As of September 2001, CO status had been granted in 458 cases, while 57 people were awaiting a reply and nine applicants had been rejected<a name="fnB30" href="#fn30" id="fnB30">[31]</a>. However, more than twenty ongoing cases are currently observed by NGOs. Recognised COs are required by law to do substitute service for normally 30 months<a name="fnB31" href="#fn31" id="fnB31">[32]</a> although a small number of people obtain exceptions down to a minimum of fifteen months due to family issues. Still, this does not change the fact that COs are discriminated against with between twelve to eighteen months longer service time compared to the three to eighteen months served in military service. The majority of COs are required to serve far from home<a name="fnB32" href="#fn32" id="fnB32">[33]</a>, separating them from their families. Total objectors are typically sentenced to six months imprisonment; following which they are usually called up for military service again. In addition, total objectors are refused the right to leave the country and their relatives have in some cases been harassed by police<a name="fnB33" href="#fn33" id="fnB33">[34]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>In the cases of Yiannis Glarnetatzis, Dimitrios Tsouchlis and Kyriakos Iosifidis irregularities have been alleged concerning both hostile attitudes from their work placement managers and a pattern of eleven-hour workdays, seven days a week. On 1 June 1999, they refused to continue serving in solidarity with then imprisoned Lazaros Petromelidis. Consequently their status as COs were withdrawn by the authorities and they have since been called up for military service on several occasions. Yiannis Chryssovergis, who was given the choice between 3 months military service and 30 months substitute service, also stopped serving on the same occasion<a name="fnB34" href="#fn34" id="fnB34">[35]</a>. The case of Petromelidis is a typical example of how people are refused CO status after being accused of having failed to submit a conscientious objection statement. However, this is because of neglect by local police to pass on the statements to relevant authorities rather than not having received them. As a result, Petromelidis was given a twenty-months suspended sentence for draft evasion in June, but he could be jailed if he is sentenced at another court where his is due to be tried again for the same allegations<a name="fnB35" href="#fn35" id="fnB35">[36]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>The extended substitute service is clearly in breach with both UN resolutions and the 1987 Council of Europe recommendation regarding CO<a name="fnB36" href="#fn36" id="fnB36">[37]</a>, while trying COs for draft evasion more than once violates UN standards on the right to fair trail<a name="fnB37" href="#fn37" id="fnB37">[38]</a>. Moreover, Greece prevents its COs from travelling aboard in contrast to the human rights<a name="fnB38" href="#fn38" id="fnB38">[39]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>An EBCO<a name="fnB39" href="#fn39" id="fnB39">[40]</a> study session in June 2002 concluded that the following issues need solving: (1) the length of substitute service is punitive; (2) COs cannot apply for CO status during or after military service; (3) substitute service should be under civilian rather than military authority, as recognised by the UN<a name="fnB40" href="#fn40" id="fnB40">[41]</a>; and (4) the right to substitute service must never be derogated from<a name="fnB41" href="#fn41" id="fnB41">[42]</a>.</p> <p> </p><h2><a name="Heading14" id="Heading14">Romania</a></h2> <p> </p><p>[10 July 2003]</p> <p> </p><p>CO status is only admitted to religious communities officially recognised to collectively object military service, while unrecognised beliefs are ignored by the authorities. As a result, CO status is only granted to representatives of religious minority groups<a name="fnB42" href="#fn42" id="fnB42">[43]</a>. Although the length of substitute service benefiting the community was shortened in May from 24 months to 12 months, COs are still being discriminated against with three months longer service than those in military service. Graduates of higher education spend four or six months in respectively military or substitute service which constitutes a two-month discrimination. It should be stressed that CO status is not granted on non-religious grounds under any circumstances, and such applicants are consequently treated as total objectors without an option of substitute service.</p> <p> </p><p>As article 354 of the Romanian Penal Code only applies to failure to report for military service, it has been argued in court that it does not apply when total objectors do not respond to call up for substitute service. In 1999, the Club Military Tribunal recognised that Robert Fazakas could not be sentenced under the provisions of article 354. However, this was later overruled by two military appeal tribunals, and Mr. Fazakas was sentenced to two years and six months imprisonment, later to be made suspended for three years and six months. The case of Janos Szekely confirms this pattern where one military tribunal's decision is overruled by another tribunal. In addition, as ordained Jehovah's Witnesses ministers both men would normally be granted exception from military service<a name="fnB43" href="#fn43" id="fnB43">[44]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>Romania's refusal to recognise CO due to non-religious belief is a serious breach of UN Commission on Human Rights resolutions, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and both Council of Europe recommendations regarding CO<a name="fnB44" href="#fn44" id="fnB44">[45]</a>. In 1999 the Human Rights Committee expressed its concerns about Romania's discrimination in this regard and encouraged Romania to amend her practise<a name="fnB45" href="#fn45" id="fnB45">[46]</a>. Subsequently, it is against both UN Human Rights Committee resolutions and the 1987 Council of Europe recommendation to practise a military appeal tribunal for CO applications, which should be under civilian administration<a name="fnB46" href="#fn46" id="fnB46">[47]</a>. Finally, the 1987 Council of Europe recommendation also prohibits states from refusing people in military service to obtain CO status, which Romania currently violates<a name="fnB47" href="#fn47" id="fnB47">[48]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>An EBCO<a name="fnB48" href="#fn48" id="fnB48">[49]</a> study session in June 2002 concluded that the following issues need solving: (1) CO status does not exist on non-religious grounds; (2) substitute service is longer than military service; and (3) substitute service is titled "utilitarian alternative service"<a name="fnB49" href="#fn49" id="fnB49">[50]</a>.</p> <p> </p><h2><a name="Heading15" id="Heading15">Serbia and Montenegro</a></h2> <p> </p><p>[10 July 2003]</p> <p> </p><p>Although CO is recognised by the constitution together with the right to civilian service outside the military, it has so far been practise to demand unarmed military-economic service for 13 months<a name="fnB50" href="#fn50" id="fnB50">[51]</a>. In response to fulfilling her commitments on joining the Council of Europe<a name="fnB51" href="#fn51" id="fnB51">[52]</a>, new regulations were expected to come into force in Serbia and Montenegro at the time of writing. They are expected to recognise COs' right to serve in a civilian substitute service outside the military. However, concerns must be raised about granting the authority to decide on an applications validity to a Ministry of Defence appointed committee, which is to include a psychologist, theologist and medical doctor. This could give the impression that the authorities view CO as a mental condition. CO status will reportedly not be given to members of hunting or shooting societies or people either owning, trading or holding permit for a weapon. It is also worrying that people convicted for a violent act up to three years before requesting civilian service will not be able to obtain CO status. The same will apply for those in substitute service, who will be stripped of their status as conscientious objector and transferred to military service should any of the above criteria be violated. It is also worth noticing that conscripts in military service can only apply for CO status until 1/3 into their service time<a name="fnB52" href="#fn52" id="fnB52">[53]</a>. The amendments do not refer to the punishment of total objectors, and it is therefore assumed that total objectors will still risk between four months to two years imprisonment.</p> <p> </p><p>It is unknown what will happen to those presently in unarmed military service or imprisoned for their objection to it. WRI has been informed that 60 people in unarmed military service are expected to request civilian service when the new regulations comes into force<a name="fnB53" href="#fn53" id="fnB53">[54]</a>. A WRI co-alert in April 2003 called for the immediate release of Milan Gligoric, who was required to live at a military base, while performing unarmed military service as has been common practise. He since left the base without permission, refusing to continue serving in a non-civilian system. He was later detained by police for a short period, and at present it is unclear what will happen to him and others, who are awaiting trials for refusing unarmed military service<a name="fnB54" href="#fn54" id="fnB54">[55]</a>. Other cases include that of Igor Seke, who was denied CO status for failing to submit his conscientious objection statement in time. However, he was never informed of any deadline and the situation has been further complicated by the fact that the law on unarmed military service was not passed by parliament before after the claimed date of deadline<a name="fnB55" href="#fn55" id="fnB55">[56]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>As Serbia and Montenegro's recent actions seem to be facilitated by a desire to fulfil her Council of Europe requirements, it can only be regretted that she continues to violate its 1987 recommendation, which states that the appeal court for CO applications must be civilian and that anyone has the right to obtain CO status both during and after their entire military service<a name="fnB56" href="#fn56" id="fnB56">[57]</a>. These principals are also enshrined in UN Commission on Human Rights resolutions and, as for the latter, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights<a name="fnB57" href="#fn57" id="fnB57">[58]</a>.</p> <p> </p><h2><a name="Heading16" id="Heading16">Turkmenistan</a></h2> <p> </p><p>[10 July 2003]</p> <p> </p><p>Turkmen legislation does not provide for the right to refuse military service and a law on a civilian alternative does not seem probable during the next few years.</p> <p> </p><p>COs, mostly members of the Jehovah's Witnesses and similar religious groups, face several years' imprisonment under criminal law and often serve their sentences in labour colonies under harsh conditions. In a lot of cases, release has been denied if the prisoner refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the president on grounds of conscience.</p> <p> </p><p>Nikolai Shelekhov was sentenced on 2 July 2002 to an extended prison term for his CO. He was first sentenced to one year in prison on 21 August 2000 ignoring Mr. Shelekhov's request for substitute service<a name="fnB58" href="#fn58" id="fnB58">[59]</a>. Mr. Shelekhov has since been released. In another case, Yuri Yeremeyeu was arrested on 8 December 2000 and sentenced on 19 January to one and a half years imprisonment for CO. He served in a labour camp in Seydi. Although granted pardon in 1999 under a prisoner amnesty, Il'ya Vladimirovitch Osipov and Kurban Zakirov remained in labour camp when they both refused to swear an oath on the Koran and a picture of the president<a name="fnB59" href="#fn59" id="fnB59">[60]</a>. Mr. Zakirov was reportedly sentenced to eight years in prison after being asked twice to swear an oath<a name="fnB60" href="#fn60" id="fnB60">[61]</a>. Also Ilya Osipov and Il'ya Vladimirovitch Osipov were known to WRI to be in prison last year. All men are Jehovah's Witnesses.</p> <p> </p><h2><a name="Heading17" id="Heading17">United States of America</a></h2> <p> </p><p>[10 July 2003]</p> <p> </p><p>It is required to register with the Selective Service System at the age of eighteen despite that some find it to be against their conscience to register with a military authority. Failure to comply results in derogation of the right to federal financial aid for education, job training and exclusion from federal employment<a name="fnB61" href="#fn61" id="fnB61">[62]</a>. While entering military service is voluntary, CO status once serving is only recognised on grounds of religious or ethical belief, while political orientation, for instance, is not accepted as a valid reason on its own<a name="fnB62" href="#fn62" id="fnB62">[63]</a>. In addition, only total objection of any kind of war is recognised by law; ignoring selective objection to specific events or practises<a name="fnB63" href="#fn63" id="fnB63">[64]</a>. CO status is divided into two categories: "1-A-O" is objection to bearing arms and is served as unarmed military service, whereas "1-O" is objection to any military related duty and results in a discharge.</p> <p> </p><p>Before the 1990 Gulf War, approximatly 2000 military personnel were granted CO status<a name="fnB64" href="#fn64" id="fnB64">[65]</a>. However, it seems that most cases during the war were seen as selective objection as only 111 out of 1250 applications were approved<a name="fnB65" href="#fn65" id="fnB65">[66]</a> and 42 applicants were imprisoned at Camp Lejeune<a name="fnB66" href="#fn66" id="fnB66">[67]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>More recently, twelve military personnel have publicly opposed the 2003 Iraq War<a name="fnB67" href="#fn67" id="fnB67">[68]</a>. In April, WRI was informed that against army regulations Gabriel I. Johnson had been sent to Iraq despite his application for CO status. Prior to that Mr. Johnson had received misinformation regarding the application process, which is by no means unusual<a name="fnB68" href="#fn68" id="fnB68">[69]</a>. In another case, reservist Stephen Funk was charged with desertion when his unit was activated for combat duty on February 13 although he had left the base in advance to complete his CO application. Mr. Funk turned himself over to military authorities on 1 April, and he has since been transferred from California to New Orleans, where he is awaiting a decision; an act which has separated him from his family and legal help<a name="fnB69" href="#fn69" id="fnB69">[70]</a>.</p> <p> </p><p>In line with the general principle in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the USA should adhere to its military personnel's right to change their conscience without any reservations such as political orientation<a name="fnB70" href="#fn70" id="fnB70">[71]</a>. It is also worrying that the USA seems to violate UN standards on the treatment of COs by economically discriminating objectors to compulsory registration<a name="fnB71" href="#fn71" id="fnB71">[72]</a></p> <p> </p><h2>Notes</h2> <p> </p><p class="footnote"><a name="fn0" href="#fnB0" id="fn0">[1]</a>Concodoc Project at War Resisters' International: Armenia: More conscientious objectors in prison, 8 July 2003, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/news/htdocs/20030708a.html">http://wri-irg.org/news/htdocs/20030708a.html</a><br /><br /><a name="fn1" href="#fnB1" id="fn1">[2]</a>Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly: Opinion No. 221 (2000), Armenia's application for membership of the Council of Europe. <a href="http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/a00/eopi221.htm">http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/a00/eop<br /></a> <a name="fn2" href="#fnB2" id="fn2">[3]</a>see Opinion No. 221 (2000)<br /><br /><a name="fn3" href="#fnB3" id="fn3">[4]</a>Vahan Ishkhanyan: Conscience on Trial: Jehovah's Witnesses continue to face imprisonment for religious beliefs. ArmeniaNow.com, 20 December 2002<br /><br /><a name="fn4" href="#fnB4" id="fn4">[5]</a>Vahan Ishkanian, Helsinki Association for Human Rights: The Alternative of the Army is to flee. April 2002, <a href="http://www.hahr.am/english/open4/obsarmyalt.htm">http://www.hahr.am/english/open4/obsarmyalt.htm</a>.<br /><br /><a name="fn5" href="#fnB5" id="fn5">[6]</a>The Republic of Armenia Law on Alternartive Service, draft, May 2003<br /><br /><a name="fn6" href="#fnB6" id="fn6">[7]</a>See for example: Prisoners for Peace 2002, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/news/2002/pfp02-en.htm#Heading9">http://wri-irg.org/news/2002/pfp02-en.htm#Heading9</a>; Prisoners for Peace 2001, <a href="http://wri-irg.org/news/2001/pfp01-en.htm#list">http://wri-i<br /></a> <a name="fn7" href="#fnB7" id="fn7">[8]</a>Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly: Opinion No. 222 (2000), Azerbaijan's application for membership of the Council of Europe; see especially Art 14 iii. g<br /><br /><a name="fn8" href="#fnB8" id="fn8">[9]</a>Email from Ramil Iskanderov, Azerbaijan Young Lawyers' Union, 30 May 2003<br /><br /><a name="fn9" href="#fnB9" id="fn9">[10]</a>Eldar Zeynalov, Human Rights Center of Azerbaijan: Conscientious objection in Azerbaijan, 1998, <a href="http://mitglied.lycos.de/hrca/reports/other/conobj98.doc">http://mitglied.lycos.de/hrca/reports/other/conobj98.doc</a><br /><br /><a name="fn10" href="#fnB10" id="fn10">[11]</a>Email from Eldar Zeynalov, Human Rights Center of Azerbaijan, 21 September 2002<br /><br /><a name="fn11" href="#fnB11" id="fn11">[12]</a>NKR President signs decree about conscription. Noyan Tapan News Agency, 18 April 2003, <a href="http://www.nt.am/eng/news/18.04.2003/Politics/a2.htm">http://www.nt.am/eng/news/18.04.2003/Politics/a2.htm</a><br /><br /><a name="fn12" href="#fnB12" id="fn12">[13]</a>Amnesty International: Concerns in Europe Bulletin, July – December 2001, <a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR010022002?open&amp;of=ENG-AZE">http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR010022002?open&amp;of=ENG-AZE</a><br /><br /><a name="fn13" href="#fnB13" id="fn13">[14]</a>War Resisters' International published the regulations for the Army on its website at <a href="http://wri-irg.org/pdf/co_uk_army.pdf">http://wri-irg.org/pdf/co_uk_army.pdf</a>.<br /><br /><a name="fn14" href="#fnB14" id="fn14">[15]</a>War Resisters' International: letter to the Ministry of Defence, 5 February 2003<br /><br /><a name="fn15" href="#fnB15" id="fn15">[16]</a>Raninen, Kaj (2003), Re: WRI draft section on Finland for OSCE report, July 7; Raninen, Kaj, Conscientious Objection In Finland, Mother Earth, from Internet: <a href="http://www.motherearth.org/hermaja/en/finland.php">http://www.motherearth.org/hermaja/en<br /></a> <a name="fn16" href="#fnB16" id="fn16">[17]</a>Email from Kaj Raninen (2003), Re: WRI draft section on Finland for OSCE report, July 7.<br /><br /><a name="fn17" href="#fnB17" id="fn17">[18]</a>War Resisters' International (2002), CO Alters: Finland: Total Objectors started prison sence last week, January 30, from Internet: <a href="http://wri-irg.org">http://wri-irg.org</a><br /><br /><a name="fn18" href="#fnB18" id="fn18">[19]</a>Email from Raninen, Kaj (2003), Re: WRI draft section on Finland for OSCE report, 7 July<br /><br /><a name="fn19" href="#fnB19" id="fn19">[20]</a>Email from Raninen, Kaj (2003), Re: WRI draft section on Finland for OSCE report, 7 July<br /><br /><a name="fn20" href="#fnB20" id="fn20">[21]</a>Cf. Mother Earth, Case Herjama: Support For Finnish Conscientious Objectors, from Internet: <a href="http://www.motherearth.org/hermaja/en/index.php">http://www.motherearth.org/hermaja/en/index.php</a>; cf. United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Ri<br /><br /><a name="fn21" href="#fnB21" id="fn21">[22]</a>Heller, David (2002), Finnish Total Resister Refused Political Asylum in Belgium, For Mother Earth, June 21st, from Internet: <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ForMotherEarth/message/37">http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ForMotherEarth/message/37</a><br /><br /><a name="fn22" href="#fnB22" id="fn22">[23]</a>United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1998), Resolution 1998/77: Conscientious Objection to Military Service, article 6; Council of Europe (1987), Recommendation No. R (87) 8 of the Committee of Ministers to member states regarding conscientious obje<br /><br /><a name="fn23" href="#fnB23" id="fn23">[24]</a>United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1968), preamble.<br /><br /><a name="fn24" href="#fnB24" id="fn24">[25]</a>United Nations Comittee on Human Rights: Concluding Observations/Comments – Georgia, <a href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/hrcommittee/georgia2002.html">http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/hrcommittee/georgia2002.html</a><br /><br /><a name="fn25" href="#fnB25" id="fn25">[26]</a>Georgia – State Report – CCPR/C/GEO/2000/2 (2000)<br /><br /><a name="fn26" href="#fnB26" id="fn26">[27]</a>Marc Stolwijk: Conscription and Conscientious Objection in the former Soviet Union. VD AMOK, vol 12, no 2, 2003<br /><br /><a name="fn27" href="#fnB27" id="fn27">[28]</a>Georgia – State Report – CCPR/C/GEO/2000/2 (2000), see item 154<br /><br /><a name="fn28" href="#fnB28" id="fn28">[29]</a>Marc Stolwijk: Conscription and Conscientious Objection in the former Soviet Union. VD AMOK, vol 12, no 2, 2003<br /><br /><a name="fn29" href="#fnB29" id="fn29">[30]</a>Ucha Nanuashvili: Email to War Resisters' International, 21 September 2002; Ucha Nanuashvili, Email to War Resisters' International, 2 October 2002. This email includes a complete list of names and charges.<br /><br /><a name="fn30" href="#fnB30" id="fn30">[31]</a>Most recent figures known to WRI: parliamentary reply from the Greek Ministry of National Defence to a question by Fotis Kouvelis (Synaspismos) reproduced in Association of Greek Conscientious Objectors (2001), Development of the COs' Situation in Greece<br /><br /><a name="fn31" href="#fnB31" id="fn31">[32]</a>Email from Glarnetatzis, Yiannis (2003), Re: WRI draft section on Greece for OSCE report, July 9.<br /><br /><a name="fn32" href="#fnB32" id="fn32">[33]</a>Email from Glarnetatzis, Yiannis (2003), Re: WRI draft section on Greece for OSCE report, July 9.<br /><br /><a name="fn33" href="#fnB33" id="fn33">[34]</a>For details on individual cases please refer to: Amnesty International (2003), Greece: To be in the army or choosing not to be: The continuous harassment of conscientious objectors, June 1st, downloaded from Internet on 02/07/2003: <a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGEUR250032003">http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGEUR250032003</a><br /><br /><a name="fn34" href="#fnB34" id="fn34">[35]</a>Email from Glarnetatzis, Yiannis (2003), Re: WRI draft section on Greece for OSCE report, July 9.<br /><br /><a name="fn35" href="#fnB35" id="fn35">[36]</a>Dr. Moutoussis, Michael (2003), CO Petromelides given 20 months [suspended] jail sentence, EBCO board, June 13th.<br /><br /><a name="fn36" href="#fnB36" id="fn36">[37]</a>United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1998), Resolution 1998/77: Conscientious Objection to Military Service, article 6; Council of Europe (1987), Recommendation No. R (87) 8 of the Committee of Ministers to member states regarding conscientious obje<br /><br /><a name="fn37" href="#fnB37" id="fn37">[38]</a>United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1998), Resolution 2002/45: Conscientious Objection to Military Service taking note of United Nations Commission on Human Rights (2001), Opinion E/CN.4/2001/14, Recommendation 2: detention of conscientious objecto<br /><br /><a name="fn38" href="#fnB38" id="fn38">[39]</a>United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1968), articles 13.<br /><br /><a name="fn39" href="#fnB39" id="fn39">[40]</a>European Bureau for Conscientious Objection (EBCO) has consultative status with the Council of Europe and the European Union. WRI is an founding member organisation of the EBCO.<br /><br /><a name="fn40" href="#fnB40" id="fn40">[41]</a>United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1998), Resolution 1998/77: Conscientious Objection to Military Service, article 4.<br /><br /><a name="fn41" href="#fnB41" id="fn41">[42]</a>EBCO (2002), Grassroots Work for Conflict Prevention and Peace in South-East Europe, 16-23 June, European Youth Centre Strasbourg.<br /><br /><a name="fn42" href="#fnB42" id="fn42">[43]</a>Horeman, Bart and Marc Stolwijk (1998), Refusing to Bear Arms: a world survey of conscription and conscientious objection to military service, pp. 237-238, War Resisters' International, London.<br /><br /><a name="fn43" href="#fnB43" id="fn43">[44]</a>Amnesty International (2000), Romania: Conscientious objectors face imprisonment, October 6, from Internet: <a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGEUR390062000">http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGEUR390062000</a><br /><br /><a name="fn44" href="#fnB44" id="fn44">[45]</a>United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1998), Resolution 1998/77: Conscientious Objection to Military Service; Council of Europe (1987), Recommendation No. R (87) 8 of the Committee of Ministers to member states regarding conscientious objection to co<br /><br /><a name="fn45" href="#fnB45" id="fn45">[46]</a>United Nations Human Rights Committee (1999), International Covenant on Cicil and Political Rights: Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee, Romania, July 28.<br /><br /><a name="fn46" href="#fnB46" id="fn46">[47]</a>United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1998), Resolution 1998/77: Conscientious Objection to Military Service, article 3; Council of Europe (1987), Recommendation No. R (87) 8 of the Committee of Ministers to member states regarding conscientious obje<br /><br /><a name="fn47" href="#fnB47" id="fn47">[48]</a>Council of Europe (1987), Recommendation No. R (87) 8 of the Committee of Ministers to member states regarding conscientious objection to compulsory military service, article B8, adopted on 9 April 1987 at the 406th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies.<br /><br /><a name="fn48" href="#fnB48" id="fn48">[49]</a>European Bureau for Conscientious Objection (EBCO) has consultative status with the Council of Europe and the European Union. WRI is an founding member organisation of the EBCO.<br /><br /><a name="fn49" href="#fnB49" id="fn49">[50]</a>EBCO (2002), Grassroots Work for Conflict Prevention and Peace in South-East Europe, 16-23 June, European Youth Centre Strasbourg.<br /><br /><a name="fn50" href="#fnB50" id="fn50">[51]</a>Amnesty International (2003), Amensty International's concerns in Serbia and Montenegro, section 4, March 1st, from Internet: <a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR700042003?open&amp;of=ENG-345">http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR700<br /></a> <a name="fn51" href="#fnB51" id="fn51">[52]</a>Cf. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's application for embership of the Council of Europe, Doc. 95333, Appendix VI, September 5, 2002, from Internet: <a href="http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc02/EDOC9533.htm">http://assembly.coe.int/Document<br /></a> <a name="fn52" href="#fnB52" id="fn52">[53]</a>Email from Igor Seke (2003), New regulation on CO, June 24.<br /><br /><a name="fn53" href="#fnB53" id="fn53">[54]</a>Email from Igor Seke (2003), (No subject), July 7.<br /><br /><a name="fn54" href="#fnB54" id="fn54">[55]</a>War Resisters' International (2003), CO alerts: Serbia and Montenegro: Conscientious objector went into hiding, April 4th, from Internet: <a href="http://wri-irg.org">http://wri-irg.org</a><br /><br /><a name="fn55" href="#fnB55" id="fn55">[56]</a>Speck, Andreas (2002), Conscientious Objection in Yugoslavia – the cases of Igor Seke and Goran Miladinovic, September 7, Conscription and Conscientious Objection Documentation Centre, War Resisters' International, London.<br /><br /><a name="fn56" href="#fnB56" id="fn56">[57]</a>Council of Europe (1987), Recommendation No. R (87) 8 of the Committee of Ministers to member states regarding conscientious objection to compulsory military service, articles B7 and B8, adopted on 9 April 1987 at the 406th meeting of the Ministers' Deput<br /><br /><a name="fn57" href="#fnB57" id="fn57">[58]</a>United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1998), Resolution 1998/77: Conscientious Objection to Military Service, articles 1 and 3; United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1968), article 18.<br /><br /><a name="fn58" href="#fnB58" id="fn58">[59]</a>War Resisters' International (2002), CO alert: Turkmenistan: Conscientious objector sent to prison again, July 24, London.<br /><br /><a name="fn59" href="#fnB59" id="fn59">[60]</a>Email from Corley, Felix (2002), Fw: KNS TURKMENISTAN, April 6.<br /><br /><a name="fn60" href="#fnB60" id="fn60">[61]</a>Amnesty International (2002), Turkmenistan: Appeal Cases: Prisoner of conscience Kurban Zakirov, June 7, London.<br /><br /><a name="fn61" href="#fnB61" id="fn61">[62]</a>Horeman, Bart and Marc Stolwijk (1998), Refusin to bear arms: a world survey of conscription and conscientious objection to military service, War Resister' International, London.<br /><br /><a name="fn62" href="#fnB62" id="fn62">[63]</a>Seeley, Robert A. (1998), Advice for Conscientious Objectors in the Armed Forces, 5th edition, p. 7, Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, Philadelphia &amp; San Francisco.<br /><br /><a name="fn63" href="#fnB63" id="fn63">[64]</a>Cf. Seeley, Robert A. (1998), Advice for Conscientious Objectors in the Armed Forces, 5th edition, pp. 9-11, Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, Philadelphia &amp; San Francisco.<br /><br /><a name="fn64" href="#fnB64" id="fn64">[65]</a>Horeman, Bart and Marc Stolwijk (1998), p. 295.<br /><br /><a name="fn65" href="#fnB65" id="fn65">[66]</a>Schaeffer-Duffy, Claire (2003), "Catholic conscientious objector charged with desertion", National Catholic Reporter, June 6, from Internet: <a href="http://www.natcath.com/NCR_Online/archives2/2003b/060603/060603k.htm">http://www.natcath.com/NCR_Online/a<br /></a> <a name="fn66" href="#fnB66" id="fn66">[67]</a>Horeman, Bart and Marc Stolwijk (1998), p. 295.<br /><br /><a name="fn67" href="#fnB67" id="fn67">[68]</a>Schaeffer-Duffy, Claire (2003).<br /><br /><a name="fn68" href="#fnB68" id="fn68">[69]</a>War Resisters' International (2003), CO-Alert: USA: Conscientious objector sent to Iraqi war zone, April 11, from Internet: <a href="http://wri-irg.org/">http://wri-irg.org/</a><br /><br /><a name="fn69" href="#fnB69" id="fn69">[70]</a>San Franciso Bay Area Independent Media Center (2003), Urgent Support Needed, Case of Stephen Funk, from Internet: <a href="http://www.indybay.org/print.php?=id=1615573">http://www.indybay.org/print.php?=id=1615573</a><br /><br /><a name="fn70" href="#fnB70" id="fn70">[71]</a>United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1968), article 18.<br /><br /><a name="fn71" href="#fnB71" id="fn71">[72]</a>United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1998), Resolution 1998/77: Conscientious Objection to Military Service, article 6.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-programmes-projects--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Programmes &amp; Projects</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/1" hreflang="en">Right to Refuse to Kill</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/209" hreflang="en">Turkmenistan</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/148" hreflang="en">Armenia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/135" hreflang="en">Azerbaijan</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/155" hreflang="en">Finland</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/250" hreflang="en">Georgia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/122" hreflang="en">Greece</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/260" hreflang="en">Montenegro</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/130" hreflang="en">Romania</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/232" hreflang="en">Serbia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/92" hreflang="en">United Kingdom</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/216" hreflang="en">United States of America</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Conscientious objection</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME 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'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-other-publications--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-other-publications--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-other-publications.html.twig * field--expert--field-other-publications--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-other-publications.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-other-publications--story.html.twig * field--node--field-other-publications.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-other-publications.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Other publications</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Reports</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=5002&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="ezCoJTvwc_0a4tstilP7yKkWdrF2lBbaHeJB-efi7V0"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Fri, 11 Jul 2003 00:00:00 +0000 warresisters 5002 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/co/osce-rep.htm#comments