Ghana https://wri-irg.org/en en War profiteer of the month: Pindad PT https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2020/war-profiteer-month-pindad-pt <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--42056.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="42056" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-image--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-image--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-image.html.twig * field--expert--field-image--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-image.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-image--story.html.twig * field--node--field-image.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'responsive_image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'responsive_image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image.html.twig' --> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/single_page_desktop/public/2020-03/1._hhut_tni_74_.jpeg?itok=Enooi_NF 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/single_page_mobiles_and_tablets/public/2020-03/1._hhut_tni_74_.jpeg?itok=8B6yMxdr 1x" type="image/jpeg"/> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/single_page_mobiles_and_tablets/public/2020-03/1._hhut_tni_74_.jpeg?itok=8B6yMxdr" alt="A tank being used in a military display. In the background are many other military vehicles" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> </picture> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image-formatter.html.twig' --> <div class="caption"></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 24 Mar 2020</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Pindad PT is an Indonesian state-owned arms company, producing a wide range of weapons for the Indonesian military, police and security forces, and exporting to a number of other countries in the region. In 2016 the company had just over 2000 employees and revenue of around £100m.</p> <p>The company produces a wide range of weapons for use by armies and security services, including small arms such as handguns, rifles, machine guns, as well as grenade launchers, mortars in a range of calibres, armoured vehicles, and tanks.</p> <p><a name="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"></a> The company has a number of agreements to manufacturer weapons under license, meaning they were originally designed and produced by other companies in other countries. Examples of this occurring include the STK 40 AGL 40mm grenade launcher, which was originally designed by a Singaporean arms company called Chartered Industries of Singapore, and the SS1 assault rifle and SM-2 machine gun, both produced under license from the Belgian company FN Herstal – itself owned by the regional government of Wallonia.</p> <p>Pindad has callobrated with the Turkish arms company FNSS Defense Industries Company to <a href="https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2020/02/06/turkish-indonesian-made-battle-tank-attracts-more-buyers">develop and manufacture</a> the KAPLAN MT Modern Medium Weight Tank. The KAPLAN is armed with a 105mm Cockerill 3105 turret, built by the Belgian company CMI Defence, and went into production in 2017. The company has also signed an agreement to collaborate with South African arms company Paramount Group on weapons such as the Harimau tank and the X18 “tank boat” fire support vessel. The memorandum of understanding was <a href="https://www.janes.com/article/92786/d-s-2019-pt-pindad-partners-paramount-on-defence-production">signed at the D&amp;S arms fair</a> in Bangkok in November 2019.</p> <h1>Arming Indonesia</h1> <p>Unsurprisingly, most of the weapons produced by Pindad are in use by the Indonesian Armed Forces. Weapons made by the company are also used by militarised police units such as the BRIMOB, a paramilitary wing of the Indonesian Police Force, such as the SS1 and SS2 assault rifles, P1/P2 handgun, SPR-2 sniper rifle, and the SPG1 grenade launcher.</p> <p>Pindad also produces a range of weapons used to counter protests, such as tear gas, rubber ball grenades, and smoke bombs, designed to be thrown or fired from grenade launchers. Twitter users have shared photos of spent cartridges from the MU24AR grenade after police units fired tear gas at a protest outside the House of Representatives. The tear gas appeared to be three years out of date.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p dir="ltr" lang="in" xml:lang="in" xml:lang="in">Foto oleh sahabat saya <a href="https://twitter.com/maskhairulanam?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@maskhairulanam</a> yang meliput di DPR. Pantas gas air mata hari ini lebih perih dua kali lipat. Selain karena dipakai untuk melindungi oligarki, gasnya juga sudah kedaluwarsa tiga tahun :P<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/HidupMahasiswa?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#HidupMahasiswa</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/MosiTidakPercaya?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#MosiTidakPercaya</a> <a href="https://t.co/vP0Mp4m3Ka">pic.twitter.com/vP0Mp4m3Ka</a></p> <p>— Ardyan M. Erlangga (@ardyanme) <a href="https://twitter.com/ardyanme/status/1176483078924951560?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 24, 2019</a></p></blockquote> <script async="" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script><p>The company also advertises vehicles used by riot police units on their website, such as water cannons and militarised 4x4 armoured personnel carriers.</p> <h1>Exports</h1> <p>Pindad has exported a range of weapons to other countries, such as the PM2 submachine gun to Timor Leste and the SPR-2 sniper rifle to Fiji. In 2017 the SS2 rifle was licensed for production in the United Arab Emirates by the local company Continental Aviation Services, among other weapons included in the technology transfer.</p> <p>A large number of companies, including Brunei, Bangladesh, Iraq and Malaysia have expressed interest in purchasing the Anoa armoured personnel carrier.</p> <p>In December 2019 Pindad <a href="https://www.armyrecognition.com/december_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/ghanaian_army_interested_in_equipment_from_indonesias_pt_pindad.html">announced the signing of a memorandum of intent</a> with the government of Ghana, covering the supply of equipment, establishing maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) and after-sales services including training and facilities.</p> <p>In February 2020 Indonesian media sources <a href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/02/29/philippines-eyes-indonesia-made-combat-vehicles.html">covered an expression of interest from the Philippines</a> in purchasing combat vehicles from Pindad in a memorandum of understanding which include procuring equipment and developing the arms industry in the Philippines.</p> <p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/entity_embed/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </p><div alt="A number of people gather in front of a display of rifles, smiling. One man is holding a hand gun." data-embed-button="image_embed" data-entity-embed-display="image:responsive_image" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;responsive_image_style&quot;:&quot;body_inline_full&quot;,&quot;image_link&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="369a54e3-b30c-4f38-9c1c-94adc2842a12" data-langcode="en" class="embedded-entity"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'responsive_image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'responsive_image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img srcset="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/max_1300x1300/public/dsc_0109_res.jpg?itok=VZbuoNVu 1x" src="/sites/default/files/public_files/styles/max_1300x1300/public/dsc_0109_res.jpg?itok=VZbuoNVu" alt="A number of people gather in front of a display of rifles, smiling. One man is holding a hand gun." typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image.html.twig' --><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/responsive_image/templates/responsive-image-formatter.html.twig' --></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/entity_embed/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-programmes-projects--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects--story.html.twig * field--node--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-programmes-projects.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Programmes &amp; Projects</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/programmes/war-profiteer-companies" hreflang="en">War profiteer companies</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/194" hreflang="en">Indonesia</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/126" hreflang="en">Ghana</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/168" hreflang="en">Philippines</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/141" hreflang="en">United Arab Emirates</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/507" hreflang="en">Police militarisation</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-police-militarisation-them--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-police-militarisation-them--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-police-militarisation-them.html.twig * field--expert--field-police-militarisation-them--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-police-militarisation-them.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-police-militarisation-them--story.html.twig * field--node--field-police-militarisation-them.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-police-militarisation-them.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Police militarisation theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/pm-themes/equipment-training-and-tactics" hreflang="en">Equipment, training and tactics</a></span> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/pm-themes/who-profits" hreflang="en">Who profits?</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-companies--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-companies--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-companies.html.twig * field--expert--field-companies--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-companies.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-companies--story.html.twig * field--node--field-companies.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-companies.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Companies</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/684" hreflang="en">Rheinmetall</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=42056&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="cT_MEsO_-kRTI5NyCbgDw1EDS98YAU6iYn48EO42dIo"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Tue, 24 Mar 2020 15:12:42 +0000 Andrew 42056 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/story/2020/war-profiteer-month-pindad-pt#comments Ghana https://wri-irg.org/en/programmes/world_survey/reports/Ghana <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_entity_view' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'ds_1col' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * ds-1col--node--4003.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node-story.html.twig * ds-1col--node-rss.html.twig * ds-1col--node.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig x ds-1col.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <div data-history-node-id="4003" class="node node--type-story node--view-mode-rss ds-1col clearfix"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node-post-date---custom.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--node-post-date.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date--story.html.twig * field--node--node-post-date.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--node-post-date.html.twig * field--ds.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <time > 22 Jul 1998</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--body--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--body--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--body.html.twig * field--default--body--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--body.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig * field--node--body--story.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><address>22/07/1998</address> <h3>1 Conscription</h3> <p></p><p><em>conscription exists</em> </p><p>Ghana has no military conscription, although according to art. 27, para. 6 of the constitution all citizens may be called to participate in the national defence. [1] [7] </p><p>The Ghanian armed forces consist of volunteers and there is no conscription law to meet the personnel requirements of the forces in peacetime. [7] </p><p>Yet Ghana has another form of conscription. According to the 1980 National Service Act (Act 426), there is a compulsory national service which includes eight weeks of military training. [6] [9] </p><p><em>national service</em> </p><p>All men and women who are over 18, must perform a two years' national service, when they have completed their studies. Therefore all educational institutions must forward lists of students who have completed their studies to the National Service Secretariat. It is possible to serve one year before entering university and one year after graduation. Those who have completed national service are awarded a National Service Certificate. [6] [9] </p><p>Officially failure to perform national service is punishable by up to five years' imprisonment, but according to UNESCO in practice no one has ever been convicted. Those who refuse to perform national service are denied passports and may not be employed officially. [6] [9] </p><p>About the eight week military training not much is known. According to the National Service Secretariat this training is meant to develop the physical qualities of its participants. [6] </p><p><em>military recruitment</em> </p><p>The structure, recruitment practices, training and promotion of the Ghanian armed forces are based on the British model. It is considered a privilege to be a member of the armed forces and they have better social and economic provisions than the average Ghanian. </p><p>Given the lack of better employment opportunities, there is a tendency to stay in the forces until retirement at 55. [7] </p><p>Soldiers and non-commissioned officers must serve for 15 years before they are entitled to receive a pension. For some higher ranked officers this is 10 years. [8] </p><p>Since the 1960s women participate in the armed forces. Previously, completion of secondary school was a prerequisite for signing up; nowadays female recruits should have a university degree. [5] </p><p><em>recruitment and participation in ECOMOG</em> </p><p>The Ghanian armed forces have a contingent of 900 troops in the Economic Council of West African States Cease-Fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in Liberia. Service in ECOMOG, as in other peace keeping forces, is voluntary. Although members of the armed forces dislike serving in Liberia, which they consider too dangerous, they rarely quit voluntarily. Service in ECOMOG is limited to one year, but in general the soldiers are rotated after six months. [7]<br /></p><h3>2 Conscientious objection</h3> <p></p><p>It is not known if there is any legal provision for conscientious objection. </p><p>According to one source, members of the armed forces have the choice to leave the armed forces voluntarily. [7]<br /></p><h3>3 Desertion</h3> <p></p><p><em>penalties</em></p> <p>Desertion and disobedience are punishable under the 1962 Armed Forces Act (Act 105).</p><p>Disobedience to lawful commands of a superior officer is punishable by life imprisonment or by any less punishment (sect. 22). [2] </p><p>Desertion while on active service or when under orders of active service is punishable by life imprisonment or by any less punishment. In any other case desertion is punishable by up to five years' imprisonment (sect. 27). [2] </p><p>Any individual who does not inform his superior officer of (intended) desertion or fails to take steps to cause the apprehension of a deserter may be punished by not less than 2 years' imprisonment or by any less punishment provided by Act 105 (sect. 28). [2] </p><p>According to a military attaché of the Embassy of Ghana in Washington, a deserter would be court-martialled and, depending on the offense and the judges, could be sentenced to death. [4] </p><p><em>practice</em> </p><p>According to one source, members of the armed forces may leave voluntarily. For bad behaviour a member of the armed forces may be dismissed in disgrace after a court-martial ruling. [7] </p><p>In 1991 it was reported that trainee-soldiers who had refused to undergo and/or tried to escape from military training in Libya were shot. [3]<br /></p><h3>5 History</h3> <p>The only time there was military conscription in Ghana was during the Second World War. [7] </p><p>In 1972 the National Union of Ghanian Students (NUGS) successfully protested against the proposed introduction of compulsory military service. They convinced the new military government of the uselessness of military service as the country was not at war. Instead they proposed the creation of national service with the aim to prepare the students for their future life. The National Service programme was established in 1973. All students in certain fields upon completion of a course, had to perform one year's national service. In 1980 the period of service was increased to two years including a minimum of six months military training. After NUGS protests the military training was reduced to eight weeks. [6] [9]<br /></p><h3>6 Annual statistics</h3> <p></p><p>The armed forces are 7,000 strong - 0.04 percent of the population. There is also a 1,000 strong Presidential Guard. [10] </p><p>Every year approximately 360,000 men and women reach national service age. [10] </p><p>It is not known how many participate in the National Service programme.<br /></p><h3>Sources</h3> <p></p><p></p><p class="small"> [1] Eide, A., C. Mubanga-Chipoya 1985. Conscientious objection to military service, report prepared in pursuance of resolutions 14 (XXXIV) and 1982/30 of the Sub-Commission of Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. United Nations, New York. [2] Twumasi, P.K. 1985. Criminal Law in Ghana. Ghana Publishing Corporation, Tema, Ghana. [3] 'Libya: Five Ghanaian Trainee-Soldiers Shot?' in: New African, June 1990. London. [4] IRBDC 1991. Telephone interview with the Embassy of Ghana, Washington; and with an Assistant Professor of the University of Toronto, Department of Sociology. 23 September 1991. [5] IRBDC 1992. Telephone interview with a Professor of political science, Wayne State University, Détroit. 16 April 1992. [6] Abecassis, L., P. Duong, S. Perrier, N. Watt, 1994 Conscription Militaire ou Service National a Option Civique, rapport de l'enquête préliminaire effectuée auprès d'une vingtaine d'Etats membres de l'UNESCO. CCIVS - UNESCO, Paris. [7] IRBDC 1994. Telephone interview with a Professor of anthropology and economic development, Centre for Research on Economic Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and with a Professor of political science, Bennett College, Greensboro, NC. 12 May 1994. [8] IRBDC 1994. Telephone interview with the Embassy of Ghana, Washington, DC. 24 May 1994. [9] Gouault, J. 1995. Service National, quelle options? Serie POUR Avec. GREP Editions/UNESCO, Paris. [10] Institute for Strategic Studies 1997. Military Balance 1997/98. ISS, London, UK.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-countries--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-countries.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-countries--story.html.twig * field--node--field-countries.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-countries.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Countries</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/126" hreflang="en">Ghana</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--field-theme--rss.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--story.html.twig * field--expert--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--expert--story.html.twig * field--expert--field-theme.html.twig * field--expert.html.twig * field--ds-field-expert.html.twig * field--node--field-theme--story.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <div class="field--label tags--label field-label-above">Theme</div> <div class="wri-main--tags"> <span class="rel-tag" > <a href="/en/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Conscientious objection</a></span> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-field-expert.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--comment--rss.html.twig * field--default--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--node--story.html.twig * field--default--node--comment.html.twig * field--default--comment--story.html.twig * field--default--story.html.twig * field--default--comment.html.twig * field--default.html.twig * field--theme-ds-field-default.html.twig x field--node--comment--story.html.twig * field--node--comment.html.twig * field--node--story.html.twig * field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> <section class="comments"> <h2>Add new comment</h2> <drupal-render-placeholder callback="comment.lazy_builders:renderForm" arguments="0=node&amp;1=4003&amp;2=comment&amp;3=comment" token="CguNBeXemIOjmlDyar6Glx2ynJm2gIvP1r1FEUbRrx0"></drupal-render-placeholder> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/wri_main/templates/field/field--node--comment--story.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-1col.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/ds/templates/ds-entity-view.html.twig' --> Wed, 22 Jul 1998 00:00:00 +0000 warresisters 4003 at https://wri-irg.org https://wri-irg.org/en/programmes/world_survey/reports/Ghana#comments